Comma’s mission is to provide a solution to enhance people’s drives, on cars they already own. We believe that driver assistance features, like automated highway driving, in conjunction with a monitoring system that checks the driver’s attention, will be a significant step forward in reducing driving stress and road accidents. In 2016, comma launched an open source software project called openpilot, which includes a comprehensive suite of driver assistance features. openpilot is compatible with almost every new Honda and Toyota sold in the US, plus other selected car models. Combined, this amounts to approximately 5 millions cars in the US alone. As older cars gets replaced by newer ones, we estimate this number to grow to tens of millions over the next 2–3 years. We have over 20 million miles of video and car's data from thousands of users driving with our comma two devkit (https://comma.ai/shop), which also supports openpilot. You can check out and contribute to openpilot (https://github.com/commaai/openpilot), follow us on Twitter (https://twitter.com/comma_ai) and/or join our community (slack.comma.ai). We're also hiring (https://comma.ai/jobs/).

comma

Authors:
(1) Howard Zhong, MIT CSAIL (howardzh@mit.edu);
(2) Mark Hamilton, MIT CSAIL, Microsoft (markth@mit.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 CryptoPunks 3.2 Aggregate NFT Market 4 Discussion 5. Conclusion/ Acknowledgements/ References A Appendix A.1 Implementation Details A.2 Detailed NFT Information & A.3 Google NFT Searches Map 3.2 Aggregate NFT Market We conduct similar analysis for gender and race bias across the NFT market. We found 44 collections with gender labels but only 3 with race labels. 3.2.1 Gender For the 44 NFT collections chosen as detailed in Section 2.2, we calculate p-values to determine whether male NFT prices are greater than female NFT prices. P-values are calculated from a paired log t-test marked to weekly mean with a outlier trim percentile of 2.5%. To satisfy preconditions of a t-test, we apply a log transformation to make prices follow a more normal distribution and remove outliers. We mark to weekly mean price, which is common for low transaction volume markets such as NFT markets [7]. From the analysis, we find no clear relationship between market cap and gender bias. However, we do demonstrate that male prices are not statistically significantly higher than female prices for the broader NFT market. Figure 5 displays collections with male price statistically significantly (α = 0.05) higher than female price (right red dots), female price statistically significantly higher than male price (left red dots), and no statistically significant difference (black dots). There is no clear relationship between market cap and mean price difference across gender, but the figure does answer whether male NFTs are priced higher than female NFTs across the aggregate market. First, the mean across all collections of the price difference of male and female NFTs is only 0.63%. Furthermore, at a significance level of α = 0.05, only 11 out of 44 collections have male NFTs valued more than female NFTs, whereas 7 collections have female NFTs valued more than male NFTs. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to conclude there is a statistically significant difference between male and female prices for the broader NFT market. 3.2.2 Race In addition to CryptoPunks, we obtained race labels for the Avastar and Dynamic Duelers collections. From mean and median statistics in Table 4, we find that light-skinned NFTs on average tend to be sold for higher prices that darker-skinned counterpart. The result is less significant for Dynamic Duelers. For statistics in Table 4 and 5, we use outlier trim level of 2.5%. We also conduct hypothesis tests in Table 5 to determine the statistical significance of whether lighter-skinned NFTs are worth more than darker-skinned NFTs. With a majority of the p-values less than 0.2 and our conclusion from CryptoPunks, the results suggest lighter-skinned NFTs are worth more than darker-skinned NFTs, though not necessarily at a statistically significant level. Because this analysis is on a small subset of the entire NFT market, more data is required to generalize our conclusion to the entire NFT market. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Howard Zhong, MIT CSAIL (howardzh@mit.edu); (2) Mark Hamilton, MIT CSAIL, Microsoft (markth@mit.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Howard Zhong, MIT CSAIL (howardzh@mit.edu); (2) Mark Hamilton, MIT CSAIL, Microsoft (markth@mit.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 CryptoPunks 3.1 CryptoPunks 3.2 Aggregate NFT Market 3.2 Aggregate NFT Market 4 Discussion 4 Discussion 5. Conclusion/ Acknowledgements/ References Conclusion/ Acknowledgements/ References A Appendix A Appendix A.1 Implementation Details A.1 Implementation Details A.2 Detailed NFT Information & A.3 Google NFT Searches Map A.2 Detailed NFT Information & A.3 Google NFT Searches Map 3.2 Aggregate NFT Market We conduct similar analysis for gender and race bias across the NFT market. We found 44 collections with gender labels but only 3 with race labels. 3.2.1 Gender 3.2.1 Gender For the 44 NFT collections chosen as detailed in Section 2.2, we calculate p-values to determine whether male NFT prices are greater than female NFT prices. P-values are calculated from a paired log t-test marked to weekly mean with a outlier trim percentile of 2.5%. To satisfy preconditions of a t-test, we apply a log transformation to make prices follow a more normal distribution and remove outliers. We mark to weekly mean price, which is common for low transaction volume markets such as NFT markets [7]. From the analysis, we find no clear relationship between market cap and gender bias. However, we do demonstrate that male prices are not statistically significantly higher than female prices for the broader NFT market. Figure 5 displays collections with male price statistically significantly (α = 0.05) higher than female price (right red dots), female price statistically significantly higher than male price (left red dots), and no statistically significant difference (black dots). There is no clear relationship between market cap and mean price difference across gender, but the figure does answer whether male NFTs are priced higher than female NFTs across the aggregate market. First, the mean across all collections of the price difference of male and female NFTs is only 0.63%. Furthermore, at a significance level of α = 0.05, only 11 out of 44 collections have male NFTs valued more than female NFTs, whereas 7 collections have female NFTs valued more than male NFTs. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to conclude there is a statistically significant difference between male and female prices for the broader NFT market. 3.2.2 Race 3.2.2 Race In addition to CryptoPunks, we obtained race labels for the Avastar and Dynamic Duelers collections. From mean and median statistics in Table 4, we find that light-skinned NFTs on average tend to be sold for higher prices that darker-skinned counterpart. The result is less significant for Dynamic Duelers. For statistics in Table 4 and 5, we use outlier trim level of 2.5%. We also conduct hypothesis tests in Table 5 to determine the statistical significance of whether lighter-skinned NFTs are worth more than darker-skinned NFTs. With a majority of the p-values less than 0.2 and our conclusion from CryptoPunks, the results suggest lighter-skinned NFTs are worth more than darker-skinned NFTs, though not necessarily at a statistically significant level. Because this analysis is on a small subset of the entire NFT market, more data is required to generalize our conclusion to the entire NFT market. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Lighter-Skinned NFTs Command Higher Prices in the Broader Market

Introduction SQL is not just about querying data—it also includes powerful commands to modify data within tables. These Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, enable you to add, modify, or remove rows in a database. In this article, we’ll explore these commands with practical examples. Sample Table: Employees Let’s start with a sample Employees table to demonstrate the examples: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT 1. INSERT: Adding Rows to a Table The INSERT command is used to add new rows to a table. Task: Add a new employee, Frank, who is a Tester in the QA department with a salary of $60,000. INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
VALUES (6, 'Frank', 'Tester', 60000, 'QA'); Result: The table now includes the new employee: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT



6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA 2. UPDATE: Modifying Existing Rows The UPDATE command allows you to modify data in existing rows based on specific conditions. Task: Give all Developers in the IT department a 10% salary increase. UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = Salary * 1.10
WHERE Position = 'Developer' AND Department = 'IT'; Result: The salary for Alice, Charlie, and Eve has been updated: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT



6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA 3. DELETE: Removing Rows From a Table The DELETE command removes rows from a table based on a condition. Task: Remove all employees in the QA department. DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE Department = 'QA'; Result: Frank has been removed from the table: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT 4. MERGE (UPSERT): Combining Insert and Update The MERGE statement is used to insert new rows or update existing rows based on a match condition. This is also known as “upsert.” Task: If an employee with EmployeeID = 5 exists, update their position to “Lead Developer”. Otherwise, insert a new employee. MERGE INTO Employees AS Target
USING (SELECT 5 AS EmployeeID, 'Eve' AS Name, 'Lead Developer' AS Position, 80000 AS Salary, 'IT' AS Department) AS Source
ON Target.EmployeeID = Source.EmployeeID
WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE SET Position = Source.Position, Salary = Source.Salary
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
    VALUES (Source.EmployeeID, Source.Name, Source.Position, Source.Salary, Source.Department); Result: Eve’s position has been updated to “Lead Developer”: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Lead Developer

80000

IT 5. TRUNCATE: Quickly Clearing All Rows The TRUNCATE command removes all rows from a table, but unlike DELETE, it does not log individual row deletions, making it faster. Task: Clear all rows from the Employees table. TRUNCATE TABLE Employees; Result: The table is now empty, but the structure remains intact. 6. DROP: Removing the Entire Table The DROP command deletes a table and its data permanently. Task: Remove the Employees table from the database. DROP TABLE Employees; Result: The Employees table no longer exists. Summary SQL provides a wide range of commands to modify data and table structures. Here’s a quick recap: Command Use Case INSERT Add new rows to a table.
UPDATE Modify data in existing rows.
DELETE Remove specific rows from a table.
MERGE Combine insert and update logic (upsert).
TRUNCATE Quickly clear all rows in a table.
DROP Remove the entire table structure and data. These commands allow you to keep your database up-to-date, clean, and well-organized. Practice these examples on your own database to gain confidence in modifying data with SQL! Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on LinkedIn. Happy exploring!👋 Introduction SQL is not just about querying data—it also includes powerful commands to modify data within tables. These Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, enable you to add, modify, or remove rows in a database. In this article, we’ll explore these commands with practical examples. Data Manipulation Language (DML) Sample Table: Employees Let’s start with a sample Employees table to demonstrate the examples: EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department 1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT 2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design 3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT 4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR 5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT EmployeeID Name Position Salary Department EmployeeID EmployeeID Name Name Position Position Salary Salary Department Department 1 Alice Developer 70000 IT 1 1 Alice Alice Developer Developer 70000 70000 IT IT 2 Bob Designer 65000 Design 2 2 Bob Bob Designer Designer 65000 65000 Design Design 3 Charlie Developer 72000 IT 3 3 Charlie Charlie Developer Developer 72000 72000 IT IT 4 Diana Manager 90000 HR 4 4 Diana Diana Manager Manager 90000 90000 HR HR 5 Eve Developer 70000 IT 5 5 Eve Eve Developer Developer 70000 70000 IT IT 1. INSERT: Adding Rows to a Table The INSERT command is used to add new rows to a table. Task : Add a new employee, Frank, who is a Tester in the QA department with a salary of $60,000. Task INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
VALUES (6, 'Frank', 'Tester', 60000, 'QA'); INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
VALUES (6, 'Frank', 'Tester', 60000, 'QA'); Result : The table now includes the new employee: Result EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT



6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department 1

Alice

Developer

70000

IT 2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design 3

Charlie

Developer

72000

IT 4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR 5

Eve

Developer

70000

IT 6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA EmployeeID Name Position Salary Department EmployeeID EmployeeID Name Name Position Position Salary Salary Department Department 1 Alice Developer 70000 IT 1 1 Alice Alice Developer Developer 70000 70000 IT IT 2 Bob Designer 65000 Design 2 2 Bob Bob Designer Designer 65000 65000 Design Design 3 Charlie Developer 72000 IT 3 3 Charlie Charlie Developer Developer 72000 72000 IT IT 4 Diana Manager 90000 HR 4 4 Diana Diana Manager Manager 90000 90000 HR HR 5 Eve Developer 70000 IT 5 5 Eve Eve Developer Developer 70000 70000 IT IT 6 Frank Tester 60000 QA 6 6 Frank Frank Tester Tester 60000 60000 QA QA 2. UPDATE: Modifying Existing Rows The UPDATE command allows you to modify data in existing rows based on specific conditions. Task : Give all Developers in the IT department a 10% salary increase. Task UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = Salary * 1.10
WHERE Position = 'Developer' AND Department = 'IT'; UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = Salary * 1.10
WHERE Position = 'Developer' AND Department = 'IT'; Result : The salary for Alice, Charlie, and Eve has been updated: Result EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT



6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department 1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT 2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design 3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT 4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR 5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT 6

Frank

Tester

60000

QA EmployeeID Name Position Salary Department EmployeeID EmployeeID Name Name Position Position Salary Salary Department Department 1 Alice Developer 77000 IT 1 1 Alice Alice Developer Developer 77000 77000 IT IT 2 Bob Designer 65000 Design 2 2 Bob Bob Designer Designer 65000 65000 Design Design 3 Charlie Developer 79200 IT 3 3 Charlie Charlie Developer Developer 79200 79200 IT IT 4 Diana Manager 90000 HR 4 4 Diana Diana Manager Manager 90000 90000 HR HR 5 Eve Developer 77000 IT 5 5 Eve Eve Developer Developer 77000 77000 IT IT 6 Frank Tester 60000 QA 6 6 Frank Frank Tester Tester 60000 60000 QA QA 3. DELETE: Removing Rows From a Table The DELETE command removes rows from a table based on a condition. Task : Remove all employees in the QA department. Task DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE Department = 'QA'; DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE Department = 'QA'; Result : Frank has been removed from the table: Result EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department 1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT 2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design 3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT 4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR 5

Eve

Developer

77000

IT EmployeeID Name Position Salary Department EmployeeID EmployeeID Name Name Position Position Salary Salary Department Department 1 Alice Developer 77000 IT 1 1 Alice Alice Developer Developer 77000 77000 IT IT 2 Bob Designer 65000 Design 2 2 Bob Bob Designer Designer 65000 65000 Design Design 3 Charlie Developer 79200 IT 3 3 Charlie Charlie Developer Developer 79200 79200 IT IT 4 Diana Manager 90000 HR 4 4 Diana Diana Manager Manager 90000 90000 HR HR 5 Eve Developer 77000 IT 5 5 Eve Eve Developer Developer 77000 77000 IT IT 4. MERGE (UPSERT): Combining Insert and Update The MERGE statement is used to insert new rows or update existing rows based on a match condition. This is also known as “upsert.” Task : If an employee with EmployeeID = 5 exists, update their position to “Lead Developer”. Otherwise, insert a new employee. Task MERGE INTO Employees AS Target
USING (SELECT 5 AS EmployeeID, 'Eve' AS Name, 'Lead Developer' AS Position, 80000 AS Salary, 'IT' AS Department) AS Source
ON Target.EmployeeID = Source.EmployeeID
WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE SET Position = Source.Position, Salary = Source.Salary
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
    VALUES (Source.EmployeeID, Source.Name, Source.Position, Source.Salary, Source.Department); MERGE INTO Employees AS Target
USING (SELECT 5 AS EmployeeID, 'Eve' AS Name, 'Lead Developer' AS Position, 80000 AS Salary, 'IT' AS Department) AS Source
ON Target.EmployeeID = Source.EmployeeID
WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE SET Position = Source.Position, Salary = Source.Salary
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (EmployeeID, Name, Position, Salary, Department)
    VALUES (Source.EmployeeID, Source.Name, Source.Position, Source.Salary, Source.Department); Result : Eve’s position has been updated to “Lead Developer”: Result EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department



1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT



2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design



3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT



4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR



5

Eve

Lead Developer

80000

IT EmployeeID

Name

Position

Salary

Department 1

Alice

Developer

77000

IT 2

Bob

Designer

65000

Design 3

Charlie

Developer

79200

IT 4

Diana

Manager

90000

HR 5

Eve

Lead Developer

80000

IT EmployeeID Name Position Salary Department EmployeeID EmployeeID Name Name Position Position Salary Salary Department Department 1 Alice Developer 77000 IT 1 1 Alice Alice Developer Developer 77000 77000 IT IT 2 Bob Designer 65000 Design 2 2 Bob Bob Designer Designer 65000 65000 Design Design 3 Charlie Developer 79200 IT 3 3 Charlie Charlie Developer Developer 79200 79200 IT IT 4 Diana Manager 90000 HR 4 4 Diana Diana Manager Manager 90000 90000 HR HR 5 Eve Lead Developer 80000 IT 5 5 Eve Eve Lead Developer Lead Developer 80000 80000 IT IT 5. TRUNCATE: Quickly Clearing All Rows The TRUNCATE command removes all rows from a table, but unlike DELETE, it does not log individual row deletions, making it faster. Task : Clear all rows from the Employees table. Task TRUNCATE TABLE Employees; TRUNCATE TABLE Employees; Result : The table is now empty, but the structure remains intact. Result 6. DROP: Removing the Entire Table The DROP command deletes a table and its data permanently. Task : Remove the Employees table from the database. Task DROP TABLE Employees; DROP TABLE Employees; Result : The Employees table no longer exists. Result Summary SQL provides a wide range of commands to modify data and table structures. Here’s a quick recap: Command Use Case Command Use Case INSERT Add new rows to a table. UPDATE Modify data in existing rows. DELETE Remove specific rows from a table. MERGE Combine insert and update logic (upsert). TRUNCATE Quickly clear all rows in a table. DROP Remove the entire table structure and data. INSERT Add new rows to a table. UPDATE Modify data in existing rows. DELETE Remove specific rows from a table. MERGE Combine insert and update logic (upsert). TRUNCATE Quickly clear all rows in a table. DROP Remove the entire table structure and data. These commands allow you to keep your database up-to-date, clean, and well-organized. Practice these examples on your own database to gain confidence in modifying data with SQL! Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on LinkedIn . Happy exploring!👋 LinkedIn

SQL Data Modification Commands With Examples: A Quick and Simple Guide

Command Query Responsibility Segregation Separates Reading From Writing... but How?

Stop letting randomness dictate when you create. Many people say, “I’ll do it when I feel like it, when I have inspiration.” But professionals approach creativity differently. They don’t wait for inspiration to strike—they schedule it. As the saying goes, “I only write when I get inspiration. But inspiration comes every morning at 4 AM.” Here are five actionable steps to help you take control of inspiration: Set a Schedule:
Planning your day gives you a clear purpose—no ambiguity, only action. Without a plan, you rely on your mood or random circumstances to push you into action, which often leads to inconsistency.
When you schedule specific times for creative work, you replace chaos with order, ensuring steady progress. Use Progress Bars:
Many people depend on the dopamine rush from achieving outcomes. But this wait is often long and agonizing, causing many to give up before reaching their goals.
Here’s the secret: focus on the dopamine from the process, not just the outcome.Break your big goals into measurable, daily tasks. Example: Writing 100,000 words for a book becomes 700 words per day. Example: Designing 50 screens for a UI project becomes 1 screen per day. Tracking and celebrating daily progress keeps you motivated and productive while making the journey enjoyable. Become an Idea Sponge: Always collect and store ideas regularly. When it’s time to create, you’ll have a rich stack of concepts to expand on.
For example, Eminem keeps a catalog of lyrics and random bars to draw from.Writers do the same with thoughts, snippets, and observations. I’m using snippets from my own idea stack right now.Here’s a tip: schedule moments of boredom, like a walk or a break from consuming new information. The shower isn’t magical—it simply frees your mind to connect existing ideas and form new ones. Adjust Your Environment: The popular saying goes, “You can take a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.” However, if you change the conditions—like withholding food, adding salt, or creating heat—the horse will drink.
Your environment can either nourish your creativity or drain it. Make adjustments that foster your creative habits.What changes can you make to your surroundings to inspire focus and action? Only you can answer this question, but observe your space and start experimenting. Toggle Pleasure and Pain: Discipline thrives when the pain of not achieving your goals outweighs the pleasure of distractions.
Use this principle to your advantage:Increase pleasure: Reward yourself after hitting milestones. For example, enjoy a favorite treat after completing 500 words or a SaaS project milestone. Increase pain: Set penalties for missed goals. If you don’t wake up on time, pay a friend $20. If you skip a creative session, automate an embarrassing tweet. These small shifts rewire your brain to associate positive emotions with discipline and negative emotions with procrastination.Bonus: Stick with It Consistency builds trust, speeds up your process, and makes creativity second nature.Think of an untidy room: cleaning after one day is easy, but waiting weeks or months makes it exponentially harder. The same applies to creativity—more entropy equals more effort to create order.By showing up consistently, you eliminate chaos and build momentum. With practice, creativity becomes a natural, enjoyable habit. Liked this post? Share it to help others escape the entropy trap. Enjoy the rest of your day. Stop letting randomness dictate when you create. Many people say, “I’ll do it when I feel like it, when I have inspiration.” But professionals approach creativity differently. They don’t wait for inspiration to strike—they schedule it. As the saying goes, “I only write when I get inspiration. But inspiration comes every morning at 4 AM.” Here are five actionable steps to help you take control of inspiration: Set a Schedule:
Planning your day gives you a clear purpose—no ambiguity, only action. Without a plan, you rely on your mood or random circumstances to push you into action, which often leads to inconsistency.
When you schedule specific times for creative work, you replace chaos with order, ensuring steady progress. Set a Schedule: Planning your day gives you a clear purpose—no ambiguity, only action. Without a plan, you rely on your mood or random circumstances to push you into action, which often leads to inconsistency. When you schedule specific times for creative work, you replace chaos with order, ensuring steady progress. Set a Schedule: Set a Schedule: Planning your day gives you a clear purpose—no ambiguity, only action. Without a plan, you rely on your mood or random circumstances to push you into action, which often leads to inconsistency. When you schedule specific times for creative work, you replace chaos with order, ensuring steady progress. Use Progress Bars:
Many people depend on the dopamine rush from achieving outcomes. But this wait is often long and agonizing, causing many to give up before reaching their goals.
Here’s the secret: focus on the dopamine from the process, not just the outcome.Break your big goals into measurable, daily tasks. Example: Writing 100,000 words for a book becomes 700 words per day. Example: Designing 50 screens for a UI project becomes 1 screen per day. Tracking and celebrating daily progress keeps you motivated and productive while making the journey enjoyable. Use Progress Bars: Many people depend on the dopamine rush from achieving outcomes. But this wait is often long and agonizing, causing many to give up before reaching their goals. Here’s the secret: focus on the dopamine from the process, not just the outcome. Break your big goals into measurable, daily tasks. Example: Writing 100,000 words for a book becomes 700 words per day. Example: Designing 50 screens for a UI project becomes 1 screen per day. Tracking and celebrating daily progress keeps you motivated and productive while making the journey enjoyable. Use Progress Bars: Use Progress Bars: Many people depend on the dopamine rush from achieving outcomes. But this wait is often long and agonizing, causing many to give up before reaching their goals. Here’s the secret: focus on the dopamine from the process, not just the outcome. Break your big goals into measurable, daily tasks. Example: Writing 100,000 words for a book becomes 700 words per day. Example: Designing 50 screens for a UI project becomes 1 screen per day. Tracking and celebrating daily progress keeps you motivated and productive while making the journey enjoyable. Become an Idea Sponge: Always collect and store ideas regularly. When it’s time to create, you’ll have a rich stack of concepts to expand on.
For example, Eminem keeps a catalog of lyrics and random bars to draw from.Writers do the same with thoughts, snippets, and observations. I’m using snippets from my own idea stack right now.Here’s a tip: schedule moments of boredom, like a walk or a break from consuming new information. The shower isn’t magical—it simply frees your mind to connect existing ideas and form new ones. Become an Idea Sponge: Always collect and store ideas regularly. When it’s time to create, you’ll have a rich stack of concepts to expand on. For example, Eminem keeps a catalog of lyrics and random bars to draw from. Writers do the same with thoughts, snippets, and observations. I’m using snippets from my own idea stack right now. Here’s a tip: schedule moments of boredom, like a walk or a break from consuming new information. The shower isn’t magical—it simply frees your mind to connect existing ideas and form new ones. Become an Idea Sponge: Always collect and store ideas regularly. When it’s time to create, you’ll have a rich stack of concepts to expand on. Become an Idea Sponge: For example, Eminem keeps a catalog of lyrics and random bars to draw from. Writers do the same with thoughts, snippets, and observations. I’m using snippets from my own idea stack right now. Here’s a tip: schedule moments of boredom, like a walk or a break from consuming new information. The shower isn’t magical—it simply frees your mind to connect existing ideas and form new ones. Adjust Your Environment: The popular saying goes, “You can take a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.” However, if you change the conditions—like withholding food, adding salt, or creating heat—the horse will drink.
Your environment can either nourish your creativity or drain it. Make adjustments that foster your creative habits.What changes can you make to your surroundings to inspire focus and action? Only you can answer this question, but observe your space and start experimenting. Adjust Your Environment: The popular saying goes, “You can take a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.” However, if you change the conditions—like withholding food, adding salt, or creating heat—the horse will drink. Your environment can either nourish your creativity or drain it. Make adjustments that foster your creative habits. What changes can you make to your surroundings to inspire focus and action? Only you can answer this question, but observe your space and start experimenting. Adjust Your Environment: The popular saying goes, “You can take a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.” However, if you change the conditions—like withholding food, adding salt, or creating heat—the horse will drink. Adjust Your Environment: Your environment can either nourish your creativity or drain it. Make adjustments that foster your creative habits. What changes can you make to your surroundings to inspire focus and action? Only you can answer this question, but observe your space and start experimenting. Toggle Pleasure and Pain: Discipline thrives when the pain of not achieving your goals outweighs the pleasure of distractions.
Use this principle to your advantage:Increase pleasure: Reward yourself after hitting milestones. For example, enjoy a favorite treat after completing 500 words or a SaaS project milestone. Increase pain: Set penalties for missed goals. If you don’t wake up on time, pay a friend $20. If you skip a creative session, automate an embarrassing tweet. These small shifts rewire your brain to associate positive emotions with discipline and negative emotions with procrastination.Bonus: Stick with It Consistency builds trust, speeds up your process, and makes creativity second nature.Think of an untidy room: cleaning after one day is easy, but waiting weeks or months makes it exponentially harder. The same applies to creativity—more entropy equals more effort to create order.By showing up consistently, you eliminate chaos and build momentum. With practice, creativity becomes a natural, enjoyable habit. Toggle Pleasure and Pain: Discipline thrives when the pain of not achieving your goals outweighs the pleasure of distractions. Use this principle to your advantage: Increase pleasure: Reward yourself after hitting milestones. For example, enjoy a favorite treat after completing 500 words or a SaaS project milestone. Increase pain: Set penalties for missed goals. If you don’t wake up on time, pay a friend $20. If you skip a creative session, automate an embarrassing tweet. These small shifts rewire your brain to associate positive emotions with discipline and negative emotions with procrastination. Bonus: Stick with It Consistency builds trust, speeds up your process, and makes creativity second nature. Think of an untidy room: cleaning after one day is easy, but waiting weeks or months makes it exponentially harder. The same applies to creativity—more entropy equals more effort to create order. By showing up consistently, you eliminate chaos and build momentum. With practice, creativity becomes a natural, enjoyable habit. Toggle Pleasure and Pain: Discipline thrives when the pain of not achieving your goals outweighs the pleasure of distractions. Toggle Pleasure and Pain: Use this principle to your advantage: Increase pleasure: Reward yourself after hitting milestones. For example, enjoy a favorite treat after completing 500 words or a SaaS project milestone. Increase pain: Set penalties for missed goals. If you don’t wake up on time, pay a friend $20. If you skip a creative session, automate an embarrassing tweet. These small shifts rewire your brain to associate positive emotions with discipline and negative emotions with procrastination. Bonus: Stick with It Consistency builds trust, speeds up your process, and makes creativity second nature. Bonus: Think of an untidy room: cleaning after one day is easy, but waiting weeks or months makes it exponentially harder. The same applies to creativity—more entropy equals more effort to create order. By showing up consistently, you eliminate chaos and build momentum. With practice, creativity becomes a natural, enjoyable habit. Liked this post? Share it to help others escape the entropy trap. Enjoy the rest of your day.

Inspiration On Command: 5 Easy Steps to Never Wait for Creativity Again

The TechBeat: Unmasking VEILDrive: Threat Actors Exploit Microsoft Services for Command & Control (11/18/2024)

The TechBeat: Unmasking VEILDrive: Threat Actors Exploit Microsoft Services for Command & Control (11/16/2024)

As you may know, Redis is basically a data-structure store that uses key-value pairs to store the data and supports strings, integers, sets, lists, hashes, and so on. To access the data faster, we can implement Redis. Once you are connected to the command-line (CLI) of the Redis, you are able to use some commands to work with the keys. In this article, I want to share these commands with a brief explanation for you. select {database_number} This command will connect you to the database of {database_number} in Redis. keys * This command shows all available keys in Redis (note that: when the TTL of a key finishes, the key is automatically destroyed). type {key_name} Use this command with the key's name. It shows the type of the key. For example, if the type of the key is hash, the command returns a hash. lindex {key_name} {index} If the key is a list of values, you can use this command to get the value of each index. You may know that in lists, the index starts from "0" to "length of the list-1". For example, lindex {key_name} 1, will return the value of index 1 in list {key_name}. del {key_name1} {key_name2} … This command deletes the given keys with {key_name1} {key_name2} and so on. hgetall {key_name} If the key is hash and you want to get all fields and the related values in the key, you can use this command. For example, if a key is hash and has two fields "a" and "b" with values of ‘x’ and ‘y’ respectively; if you use this command, you will get "a", x, "b", and y in response. hget {key_name} {field} If the type of the key is hash and you want to get the value of a specific field in the key, you can use this command. For example, imagine a key is hash and has two fields "a" and "b". The value of field “a” is ‘x’. To get x, you can use: hget {key_name} a get {key_name} This command returns the value that the key holds. It works when the type of the key is not hash or list. flushdb This command deletes all keys in Redis. ttl {key_name} This command returns the TTL of the key in seconds. set {key_name} {value} This command creates a key named {key_name} with a value in Redis. This command works when you want to create a key that is not a list or hash. As you may know, Redis is basically a data-structure store that uses key-value pairs to store the data and supports strings, integers, sets, lists, hashes, and so on. To access the data faster, we can implement Redis. Once you are connected to the command-line (CLI) of the Redis, you are able to use some commands to work with the keys. In this article, I want to share these commands with a brief explanation for you. select {database_number} select {database_number} This command will connect you to the database of {database_number} in Redis. keys * This command shows all available keys in Redis (note that: when the TTL of a key finishes, the key is automatically destroyed). type {key_name} Use this command with the key's name. It shows the type of the key. For example, if the type of the key is hash, the command returns a hash. lindex {key_name} {index} If the key is a list of values, you can use this command to get the value of each index. You may know that in lists, the index starts from "0" to "length of the list-1". For example, lindex {key_name} 1, will return the value of index 1 in list {key_name}. del {key_name1} {key_name2} … This command deletes the given keys with {key_name1} {key_name2} and so on. hgetall {key_name} If the key is hash and you want to get all fields and the related values in the key, you can use this command. For example, if a key is hash and has two fields "a" and "b" with values of ‘x’ and ‘y’ respectively; if you use this command, you will get "a", x, "b", and y in response. hget {key_name} {field} If the type of the key is hash and you want to get the value of a specific field in the key, you can use this command. For example, imagine a key is hash and has two fields "a" and "b". The value of field “a” is ‘x’. To get x, you can use: hget {key_name} a get {key_name} This command returns the value that the key holds. It works when the type of the key is not hash or list. flushdb This command deletes all keys in Redis. ttl {key_name} This command returns the TTL of the key in seconds. set {key_name} {value} This command creates a key named {key_name} with a value in Redis. This command works when you want to create a key that is not a list or hash.

Useful Redis Commands You Should Know

Unmasking VEILDrive: Threat Actors Exploit Microsoft Services for Command & Control

Why should your users have to type long messages all the time when they can use shortcut buttons or Telegram commands to get responses from your chatbot? Implementing this feature makes the user experience (UX) easier. In this article, you will learn how to use Coze shortcuts to create these shortcuts and commands. What is a Shortcut? A Coze shortcut is a feature that improves user efficiency by allowing quick and precise question input. They also serve as a navigation tool, guiding users on how to effectively interact with the agent. Learn more on shortcuts here. Setting Shortcut button Go to your chatbot develop workspace


Click on Shortcut



Enter your Button details
      
Button Name: The name of the button
Shortcut name: The command name to invoke the shortcut. This is the same name you will add to your telegram bot to execute the message that corresponds to the command.
Description: Short description of the command.
Component: This is used for user options. This is used for selecting choices based on specific needs.
Query content: The content to be sent when the user clicks the shortcut button.


Click on Confirm

You will see the button in your chatbot. To add more shortcuts to the chatbot, repeat the same process



Click on Publish to sync the added shortcuts Setting Up the Telegram Commands Go to Bot father


Input /setcommands


Select the bot you want to add the commands to



Enter the list of commands(the shortcut name you earlier created)

In this format

security_news - Get the latest security news



Upon successful addition, you will see the list of commands in your bot.
To check, Click on Menu Check out the live demo below 👇 https://youtu.be/DeXrKvXb2aw?embedable=true Bonus You can also use this shortcut for users to make choices e.g. You want users to get regular news feeds in specific language and specific language. Follow the same process and add the components option Enter the component name


Enter the component description


Enter Component types such as Text, Upload (for media), and Selector(to choose options)
In the case of Selector, enter various options like this:

For upload, select supported file formats Congratulations 🥂, you’ve successfully made use of the shortcut. What other scenario can you use this feature? Let me know in the comment section Learn More on Coze and other Chatbots built on Coze Why should your users have to type long messages all the time when they can use shortcut buttons or Telegram commands to get responses from your chatbot? Implementing this feature makes the user experience (UX) easier. In this article, you will learn how to use Coze shortcuts to create these shortcuts and commands. What is a Shortcut? A Coze shortcut is a feature that improves user efficiency by allowing quick and precise question input. They also serve as a navigation tool, guiding users on how to effectively interact with the agent. Learn more on shortcuts here. Learn more on shortcuts here. Setting Shortcut button Go to your chatbot develop workspace Click on Shortcut Enter your Button details
      
Button Name: The name of the button
Shortcut name: The command name to invoke the shortcut. This is the same name you will add to your telegram bot to execute the message that corresponds to the command.
Description: Short description of the command.
Component: This is used for user options. This is used for selecting choices based on specific needs.
Query content: The content to be sent when the user clicks the shortcut button. Click on Confirm

You will see the button in your chatbot. To add more shortcuts to the chatbot, repeat the same process Click on Publish to sync the added shortcuts Go to your chatbot develop workspace Go to your chatbot develop workspace Click on Shortcut Click on Shortcut Shortcut Enter your Button details Button Name: The name of the button Shortcut name: The command name to invoke the shortcut. This is the same name you will add to your telegram bot to execute the message that corresponds to the command. Description: Short description of the command. Component: This is used for user options. This is used for selecting choices based on specific needs. Query content: The content to be sent when the user clicks the shortcut button. Enter your Button details Button Name: The name of the button Button Name: Shortcut name: The command name to invoke the shortcut. This is the same name you will add to your telegram bot to execute the message that corresponds to the command. Shortcut name: Description: Short description of the command. Description: Component: This is used for user options. This is used for selecting choices based on specific needs. Component: Query content: The content to be sent when the user clicks the shortcut button. Query content: Click on Confirm You will see the button in your chatbot. To add more shortcuts to the chatbot, repeat the same process Click on Confirm Confirm You will see the button in your chatbot. To add more shortcuts to the chatbot, repeat the same process Click on Publish to sync the added shortcuts Click on Publish to sync the added shortcuts Publish Setting Up the Telegram Commands Go to Bot father Input /setcommands Select the bot you want to add the commands to Enter the list of commands(the shortcut name you earlier created)

In this format

security_news - Get the latest security news Upon successful addition, you will see the list of commands in your bot.
To check, Click on Menu Go to Bot father Go to Bot father Bot father Input /setcommands Input /setcommands /setcommands Select the bot you want to add the commands to Select the bot you want to add the commands to Enter the list of commands(the shortcut name you earlier created) In this format security_news - Get the latest security news Enter the list of commands(the shortcut name you earlier created) In this format security_news - Get the latest security news security_news - Get the latest security news Upon successful addition, you will see the list of commands in your bot. To check, Click on Menu Upon successful addition, you will see the list of commands in your bot. To check, Click on Menu Menu Check out the live demo below 👇 live demo https://youtu.be/DeXrKvXb2aw?embedable=true https://youtu.be/DeXrKvXb2aw?embedable=true Bonus You can also use this shortcut for users to make choices e.g. You want users to get regular news feeds in specific language and specific language. Follow the same process and add the components option components Enter the component name Enter the component description Enter Component types such as Text, Upload (for media), and Selector(to choose options)
In the case of Selector, enter various options like this:

For upload, select supported file formats Enter the component name Enter the component name component name Enter the component description Enter the component description component description Enter Component types such as Text, Upload (for media), and Selector(to choose options) In the case of Selector, enter various options like this: For upload, select supported file formats Enter Component types such as Text , Upload (for media), and Selector (to choose options) Component types Text Upload Selector In the case of Selector , enter various options like this: Selector For upload , select supported file formats upload Congratulations 🥂, you’ve successfully made use of the shortcut. What other scenario can you use this feature? Let me know in the comment section Congratulations 🥂, you’ve successfully made use of the shortcut. What other scenario can you use this feature? Let me know in the comment section Learn More on Coze and other Chatbots built on Coze Learn More on Coze other Chatbots

How to Use Coze Shortcuts for Creating Buttons and Telegram Commands

File and Directory Operations ls – Lists the contents of a directory.
ls
ls -l        # Long listing format
ls -a        # List all files, including hidden ones



cd – Changes the current directory.
cd /path/to/directory
cd ..        # Go up one directory
cd ~         # Go to the home directory mkdir – Creates a new directory.
mkdir new_directory



rmdir – Removes an empty directory.
rmdir directory_name



cp – Copies files or directories.
cp source_file destination
cp -r source_directory destination_directory   # Copy directories recursively mv – Moves or renames files and directories.
mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /path/to/destination/



rm – Removes files or directories.
rm file_name
rm -r directory_name   # Remove directories recursively



touch – Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.
touch file_name File Viewing & Manipulation cat – Displays the contents of a file.
cat file_name less – Allows you to view file contents page by page.
less file_name



head – Shows the first 10 lines of a file (default).
head file_name
head -n 5 file_name    # Show the first 5 lines



tail – Shows the last 10 lines of a file (default).
tail file_name
tail -n 5 file_name    # Show the last 5 lines



grep – Searches for patterns within files.
grep 'search_term' file_name
grep -r 'search_term' /path/to/directory    # Search recursively in directories Permissions & Ownership chmod – Changes file permissions.
chmod 755 file_name    # Gives read, write, execute permissions to the owner and read, execute to others
chmod +x script.sh     # Make file executable



chown – Changes the file owner and group.
chown user:group file_name



umask – Sets default file creation permissions.
umask 022   # Sets default permissions to 755 for directories and 644 for files Process Management ps – Displays the currently running processes.
ps
ps aux      # Show all processes



top – Displays real-time system processes and resource usage.
top



kill – Terminates a process by its PID.
kill process_id
kill -9 process_id    # Forcefully kill a process



htop – Interactive process viewer (requires installation).
htop System Information df – Shows disk space usage.
df -h      # Human-readable format



du – Shows disk usage for files and directories.
du -h /path/to/directory



free – Displays memory usage.
free -h    # Human-readable format



uname – Shows system information.
uname -a   # Display all system info



uptime – Shows how long the system has been running.
uptime



whoami – Displays the current logged-in user.
whoami



hostname – Displays or sets the system's hostname.
hostname



lscpu – Displays CPU architecture information.
lscpu Network Commands ping – Tests connectivity to a host.
ping google.com



ifconfig – Displays network interface information (may require net-tools installation on some systems).
ifconfig



ip – Configures network interfaces and routing.
ip addr show      # Show IP addresses of network interfaces
ip route show     # Show routing table



curl – Fetches data from a URL.
curl https://example.com



wget – Downloads files from the web.
wget https://example.com/file.zip Package Management apt-get (for Debian/Ubuntu-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages.
sudo apt-get update           # Update package list
sudo apt-get install package  # Install a package
sudo apt-get remove package   # Remove a package



yum (for RedHat/CentOS-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages.
sudo yum update               # Update package list
sudo yum install package      # Install a package
sudo yum remove package       # Remove a package File Compression tar – Archives or extracts files.
tar -czvf archive_name.tar.gz /path/to/directory   # Create a compressed archive
tar -xzvf archive_name.tar.gz                      # Extract a compressed archive



zip – Compresses files into a zip archive.
zip archive_name.zip file1 file2



unzip – Extracts a zip archive.
unzip archive_name.zip Miscellaneous echo – Prints a message or variables to the terminal.
echo "Hello, World!"



date – Displays or sets the system date and time.
date



alias – Creates an alias for a command.
alias ll='ls -la'    # Create a shortcut for 'ls -la'



history – Shows the command history.
history



clear – Clears the terminal screen.
clear These are just a few of the many powerful commands in Linux, but they cover most of the common operations you'll perform daily. File and Directory Operations ls – Lists the contents of a directory.
ls
ls -l        # Long listing format
ls -a        # List all files, including hidden ones cd – Changes the current directory.
cd /path/to/directory
cd ..        # Go up one directory
cd ~         # Go to the home directory ls – Lists the contents of a directory. ls
ls -l        # Long listing format
ls -a        # List all files, including hidden ones ls – Lists the contents of a directory. ls ls
ls -l        # Long listing format
ls -a        # List all files, including hidden ones ls
ls -l        # Long listing format
ls -a        # List all files, including hidden ones cd – Changes the current directory. cd /path/to/directory
cd ..        # Go up one directory
cd ~         # Go to the home directory cd – Changes the current directory. cd cd /path/to/directory
cd ..        # Go up one directory
cd ~         # Go to the home directory cd /path/to/directory
cd ..        # Go up one directory
cd ~         # Go to the home directory mkdir – Creates a new directory.
mkdir new_directory rmdir – Removes an empty directory.
rmdir directory_name cp – Copies files or directories.
cp source_file destination
cp -r source_directory destination_directory   # Copy directories recursively mkdir – Creates a new directory. mkdir new_directory mkdir – Creates a new directory. mkdir mkdir new_directory mkdir new_directory rmdir – Removes an empty directory. rmdir directory_name rmdir – Removes an empty directory. rmdir rmdir directory_name rmdir directory_name cp – Copies files or directories. cp source_file destination
cp -r source_directory destination_directory   # Copy directories recursively cp – Copies files or directories. cp cp source_file destination
cp -r source_directory destination_directory   # Copy directories recursively cp source_file destination
cp -r source_directory destination_directory   # Copy directories recursively mv – Moves or renames files and directories.
mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /path/to/destination/ rm – Removes files or directories.
rm file_name
rm -r directory_name   # Remove directories recursively touch – Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.
touch file_name mv – Moves or renames files and directories. mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /path/to/destination/ mv – Moves or renames files and directories. mv mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /path/to/destination/ mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /path/to/destination/ rm – Removes files or directories. rm file_name
rm -r directory_name   # Remove directories recursively rm – Removes files or directories. rm rm file_name
rm -r directory_name   # Remove directories recursively rm file_name
rm -r directory_name   # Remove directories recursively touch – Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file. touch file_name touch – Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file. touch touch file_name touch file_name File Viewing & Manipulation cat – Displays the contents of a file.
cat file_name cat – Displays the contents of a file. cat file_name cat – Displays the contents of a file. cat cat file_name cat file_name less – Allows you to view file contents page by page.
less file_name head – Shows the first 10 lines of a file (default).
head file_name
head -n 5 file_name    # Show the first 5 lines tail – Shows the last 10 lines of a file (default).
tail file_name
tail -n 5 file_name    # Show the last 5 lines grep – Searches for patterns within files.
grep 'search_term' file_name
grep -r 'search_term' /path/to/directory    # Search recursively in directories less – Allows you to view file contents page by page. less file_name less – Allows you to view file contents page by page. less less file_name less file_name head – Shows the first 10 lines of a file (default). head file_name
head -n 5 file_name    # Show the first 5 lines head – Shows the first 10 lines of a file (default). head head file_name
head -n 5 file_name    # Show the first 5 lines head file_name
head -n 5 file_name    # Show the first 5 lines tail – Shows the last 10 lines of a file (default). tail file_name
tail -n 5 file_name    # Show the last 5 lines tail – Shows the last 10 lines of a file (default). tail tail file_name
tail -n 5 file_name    # Show the last 5 lines tail file_name
tail -n 5 file_name    # Show the last 5 lines grep – Searches for patterns within files. grep 'search_term' file_name
grep -r 'search_term' /path/to/directory    # Search recursively in directories grep – Searches for patterns within files. grep grep 'search_term' file_name
grep -r 'search_term' /path/to/directory    # Search recursively in directories grep 'search_term' file_name
grep -r 'search_term' /path/to/directory    # Search recursively in directories Permissions & Ownership chmod – Changes file permissions.
chmod 755 file_name    # Gives read, write, execute permissions to the owner and read, execute to others
chmod +x script.sh     # Make file executable chown – Changes the file owner and group.
chown user:group file_name umask – Sets default file creation permissions.
umask 022   # Sets default permissions to 755 for directories and 644 for files chmod – Changes file permissions. chmod 755 file_name    # Gives read, write, execute permissions to the owner and read, execute to others
chmod +x script.sh     # Make file executable chmod – Changes file permissions. chmod chmod 755 file_name    # Gives read, write, execute permissions to the owner and read, execute to others
chmod +x script.sh     # Make file executable chmod 755 file_name    # Gives read, write, execute permissions to the owner and read, execute to others
chmod +x script.sh     # Make file executable chown – Changes the file owner and group. chown user:group file_name chown – Changes the file owner and group. chown chown user:group file_name chown user:group file_name umask – Sets default file creation permissions. umask 022   # Sets default permissions to 755 for directories and 644 for files umask – Sets default file creation permissions. umask umask 022   # Sets default permissions to 755 for directories and 644 for files umask 022   # Sets default permissions to 755 for directories and 644 for files Process Management ps – Displays the currently running processes.
ps
ps aux      # Show all processes top – Displays real-time system processes and resource usage.
top kill – Terminates a process by its PID.
kill process_id
kill -9 process_id    # Forcefully kill a process htop – Interactive process viewer (requires installation).
htop ps – Displays the currently running processes. ps
ps aux      # Show all processes ps – Displays the currently running processes. ps ps
ps aux      # Show all processes ps
ps aux      # Show all processes top – Displays real-time system processes and resource usage. top top – Displays real-time system processes and resource usage. top top top kill – Terminates a process by its PID. kill process_id
kill -9 process_id    # Forcefully kill a process kill – Terminates a process by its PID. kill kill process_id
kill -9 process_id    # Forcefully kill a process kill process_id
kill -9 process_id    # Forcefully kill a process htop – Interactive process viewer (requires installation). htop htop – Interactive process viewer (requires installation). htop htop htop System Information df – Shows disk space usage.
df -h      # Human-readable format du – Shows disk usage for files and directories.
du -h /path/to/directory free – Displays memory usage.
free -h    # Human-readable format uname – Shows system information.
uname -a   # Display all system info uptime – Shows how long the system has been running.
uptime whoami – Displays the current logged-in user.
whoami hostname – Displays or sets the system's hostname.
hostname lscpu – Displays CPU architecture information.
lscpu df – Shows disk space usage. df -h      # Human-readable format df – Shows disk space usage. df df -h      # Human-readable format df -h      # Human-readable format du – Shows disk usage for files and directories. du -h /path/to/directory du – Shows disk usage for files and directories. du du -h /path/to/directory du -h /path/to/directory free – Displays memory usage. free -h    # Human-readable format free – Displays memory usage. free free -h    # Human-readable format free -h    # Human-readable format uname – Shows system information. uname -a   # Display all system info uname – Shows system information. uname uname -a   # Display all system info uname -a   # Display all system info uptime – Shows how long the system has been running. uptime uptime – Shows how long the system has been running. uptime uptime uptime whoami – Displays the current logged-in user. whoami whoami – Displays the current logged-in user. whoami whoami whoami hostname – Displays or sets the system's hostname. hostname hostname – Displays or sets the system's hostname. hostname hostname hostname lscpu – Displays CPU architecture information. lscpu lscpu – Displays CPU architecture information. lscpu lscpu lscpu Network Commands ping – Tests connectivity to a host.
ping google.com ifconfig – Displays network interface information (may require net-tools installation on some systems).
ifconfig ip – Configures network interfaces and routing.
ip addr show      # Show IP addresses of network interfaces
ip route show     # Show routing table curl – Fetches data from a URL.
curl https://example.com wget – Downloads files from the web.
wget https://example.com/file.zip ping – Tests connectivity to a host. ping google.com ping – Tests connectivity to a host. ping ping google.com ping google.com ifconfig – Displays network interface information (may require net-tools installation on some systems). ifconfig ifconfig – Displays network interface information (may require net-tools installation on some systems). ifconfig ifconfig ifconfig ip – Configures network interfaces and routing. ip addr show      # Show IP addresses of network interfaces
ip route show     # Show routing table ip – Configures network interfaces and routing. ip ip addr show      # Show IP addresses of network interfaces
ip route show     # Show routing table ip addr show      # Show IP addresses of network interfaces
ip route show     # Show routing table curl – Fetches data from a URL. curl https://example.com curl – Fetches data from a URL. curl curl https://example.com curl https://example.com wget – Downloads files from the web. wget https://example.com/file.zip wget – Downloads files from the web. wget wget https://example.com/file.zip wget https://example.com/file.zip Package Management apt-get (for Debian/Ubuntu-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages.
sudo apt-get update           # Update package list
sudo apt-get install package  # Install a package
sudo apt-get remove package   # Remove a package yum (for RedHat/CentOS-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages.
sudo yum update               # Update package list
sudo yum install package      # Install a package
sudo yum remove package       # Remove a package apt-get (for Debian/Ubuntu-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages. sudo apt-get update           # Update package list
sudo apt-get install package  # Install a package
sudo apt-get remove package   # Remove a package apt-get (for Debian/Ubuntu-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages. apt-get sudo apt-get update           # Update package list
sudo apt-get install package  # Install a package
sudo apt-get remove package   # Remove a package sudo apt-get update           # Update package list
sudo apt-get install package  # Install a package
sudo apt-get remove package   # Remove a package yum (for RedHat/CentOS-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages. sudo yum update               # Update package list
sudo yum install package      # Install a package
sudo yum remove package       # Remove a package yum (for RedHat/CentOS-based distributions) – Installs, updates, or removes software packages. yum sudo yum update               # Update package list
sudo yum install package      # Install a package
sudo yum remove package       # Remove a package sudo yum update               # Update package list
sudo yum install package      # Install a package
sudo yum remove package       # Remove a package File Compression tar – Archives or extracts files.
tar -czvf archive_name.tar.gz /path/to/directory   # Create a compressed archive
tar -xzvf archive_name.tar.gz                      # Extract a compressed archive zip – Compresses files into a zip archive.
zip archive_name.zip file1 file2 unzip – Extracts a zip archive.
unzip archive_name.zip tar – Archives or extracts files. tar -czvf archive_name.tar.gz /path/to/directory   # Create a compressed archive
tar -xzvf archive_name.tar.gz                      # Extract a compressed archive tar – Archives or extracts files. tar tar -czvf archive_name.tar.gz /path/to/directory   # Create a compressed archive
tar -xzvf archive_name.tar.gz                      # Extract a compressed archive tar -czvf archive_name.tar.gz /path/to/directory   # Create a compressed archive
tar -xzvf archive_name.tar.gz                      # Extract a compressed archive zip – Compresses files into a zip archive. zip archive_name.zip file1 file2 zip – Compresses files into a zip archive. zip zip archive_name.zip file1 file2 zip archive_name.zip file1 file2 unzip – Extracts a zip archive. unzip archive_name.zip unzip – Extracts a zip archive. unzip unzip archive_name.zip unzip archive_name.zip Miscellaneous echo – Prints a message or variables to the terminal.
echo "Hello, World!" date – Displays or sets the system date and time.
date alias – Creates an alias for a command.
alias ll='ls -la'    # Create a shortcut for 'ls -la' history – Shows the command history.
history clear – Clears the terminal screen.
clear echo – Prints a message or variables to the terminal. echo "Hello, World!" echo – Prints a message or variables to the terminal. echo echo "Hello, World!" echo "Hello, World!" date – Displays or sets the system date and time. date date – Displays or sets the system date and time. date date date alias – Creates an alias for a command. alias ll='ls -la'    # Create a shortcut for 'ls -la' alias – Creates an alias for a command. alias alias ll='ls -la'    # Create a shortcut for 'ls -la' alias ll='ls -la'    # Create a shortcut for 'ls -la' history – Shows the command history. history history – Shows the command history. history history history clear – Clears the terminal screen. clear clear – Clears the terminal screen. clear clear clear These are just a few of the many powerful commands in Linux, but they cover most of the common operations you'll perform daily.

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Did you find yourself cursing at your terminal because you forgot that one Git command? Yeah, me too. So, I decided to put down these Git commands I always forget. Maybe this note-to-self will save you some frustration too. git restore The git restore command is handy for discarding changes in the working directory. To discard changes in a file, use git restore <file|directory> git restore path/to/file To restore a file to a specific commit, use git restore - source <commit> <file>. git restore --source b982ca3 path/to/file Use Case: If you've accidentally made changes to a file (e.g., by a code formatter) but then decide you don't want to keep them (like reformatting the entire project), git restore <file|directory> will revert the file (or full directory) back to the state of the last commit. But be careful because there is no revert for this action. git reset This command undoes the last Git commit or moves the HEAD pointer back one commit but keeps the changes in the working directory. Undo only the latest commit git reset --soft HEAD~1 If you are not familiar with this notation, HEAD~1 means that you want to reset the HEAD (the last commit) to one commit before in the log history. Check your history before reset git log --oneline 3fad532 Last commit (HEAD) 3bnaj30 Commit before HEAD (HEAD~1) vcn3ed5 Two commits before HEAD (HEAD~2) Use Case: You can use this when you've committed too early and want to add more changes to your last commit. After running the command, your changes will be unstaged, and you can stage additional changes before committing again. git stash Stashing saves your local changes so you can work on something else without committing the changes. The  - patch flag allows you to select which changes to stash interactively. Stash all modified files git stash Stash with interactive select git stash --patch Apply the latest stashed changes git stash apply Apply the latest stashed changes and remove it from the stash list git stash pop Use Case: If you're in the middle of a task and suddenly need to switch contexts, git stash lets you stash specific changes interactively, so you don't have to stash everything at once. git worktree The command allows you to have multiple working directories with different branches checked out. This is an alternative to using git stash when you want to work on another branch without losing your current changes. Use git worktree add <path> <branch> to create a new working directory with a specific branch. Your current directory structure /me/projects/ ├── my-awesome-project (repo that we are creating the worktree for) └── my-another-project Navigate to your project directory cd /me/projects/my-awesome-project Create a new working directory for a specific branch git worktree add ../my-awesome-project-hotfix-123 hotfix-123 Navigate to the new working directory cd ../my-awesome-project-hotfix-123 Use Case: If you need to work on multiple branches simultaneously, git worktree is perfect. It prevents you from having to constantly checkout branches back and forth. git tag Tags are useful for marking specific points in your commit history. There are two types of tags: annotated and lightweight. Annotated Tag: Use to create an annotated tag. Annotated tags are stored as full objects in the Git database and include the tagger's name, email, date, and a tagging message. Lightweight Tag: Use to create a lightweight tag. These are basically pointers to a specific commit and don't store any extra metadata. Annotated Tag git tag -a v1.0.0 -m "Version 1.0" Lightweight Tag git tag v1.0.0 Use Case: Tags are perfect for marking releases. I prefer using lightweight tags because you can easily remove one if you make a mistake. git remote The git remote command lets you manage your remote repositories. Use git remote add <name> <url> to add a new remote.
Use git remote -v to list all configured remotes. Add a new remote repository git remote add origin https://github.com/username/repo.git List all configured remotes git remote -v Example output: origin https://github.com/username/repo.git (fetch) origin https://github.com/username/repo.git (push) SSH Connection Settings: If you prefer using SSH for your remote connections, you can set up your remote URLs to use SSH. Typical SSH URL git remote add origin git@github.com:username/repo.git Setting Up Non-Default SSH Port in the URL: To use a non-default SSH port in your Git remote URL, you can specify the port directly in the URL. Format the URL to include the port number git remote add origin ssh://git@github.com:2222/username/repo.git Use Case: Setting up SSH ensures secure connections to your remote repositories. Configuring a non-default SSH port can enhance security and adapt to specific server configurations. I hope this little cheat sheet helps the next time you're stuck. Keep coding, and happy Git-ing! Did you find yourself cursing at your terminal because you forgot that one Git command? Yeah, me too. So, I decided to put down these Git commands I always forget. Maybe this note-to-self will save you some frustration too. git restore The git restore command is handy for discarding changes in the working directory. git restore To discard changes in a file, use git restore <file|directory> git restore path/to/file To restore a file to a specific commit, use git restore - source <commit> <file>. git restore --source b982ca3 path/to/file Use Case: If you've accidentally made changes to a file (e.g., by a code formatter) but then decide you don't want to keep them (like reformatting the entire project), git restore <file|directory> will revert the file (or full directory) back to the state of the last commit. But be careful because there is no revert for this action. git restore <file|directory> git reset This command undoes the last Git commit or moves the HEAD pointer back one commit but keeps the changes in the working directory. Undo only the latest commit git reset --soft HEAD~1 If you are not familiar with this notation, HEAD~1 means that you want to reset the HEAD (the last commit) to one commit before in the log history. HEAD~1 Check your history before reset git log --oneline 3fad532 Last commit (HEAD) 3bnaj30 Commit before HEAD (HEAD~1) vcn3ed5 Two commits before HEAD (HEAD~2) Use Case: You can use this when you've committed too early and want to add more changes to your last commit. After running the command, your changes will be unstaged, and you can stage additional changes before committing again. git stash Stashing saves your local changes so you can work on something else without committing the changes. The - patch flag allows you to select which changes to stash interactively. - patch Stash all modified files git stash Stash with interactive select git stash --patch Apply the latest stashed changes git stash apply Apply the latest stashed changes and remove it from the stash list git stash pop Use Case: If you're in the middle of a task and suddenly need to switch contexts, git stash lets you stash specific changes interactively, so you don't have to stash everything at once. git stash git worktree The command allows you to have multiple working directories with different branches checked out. This is an alternative to using git stash when you want to work on another branch without losing your current changes. Use git worktree add <path> <branch> to create a new working directory with a specific branch. git stash git worktree add <path> <branch> Your current directory structure /me/projects/ ├── my-awesome-project (repo that we are creating the worktree for) └── my-another-project Navigate to your project directory cd /me/projects/my-awesome-project Create a new working directory for a specific branch git worktree add ../my-awesome-project-hotfix-123 hotfix-123 Navigate to the new working directory cd ../my-awesome-project-hotfix-123 Use Case: If you need to work on multiple branches simultaneously, git worktree is perfect. It prevents you from having to constantly checkout branches back and forth. git worktree git tag Tags are useful for marking specific points in your commit history. There are two types of tags: annotated and lightweight. Annotated Tag: Use to create an annotated tag. Annotated tags are stored as full objects in the Git database and include the tagger's name, email, date, and a tagging message. Annotated Tag: Use to create an annotated tag. Annotated tags are stored as full objects in the Git database and include the tagger's name, email, date, and a tagging message. Lightweight Tag: Use to create a lightweight tag. These are basically pointers to a specific commit and don't store any extra metadata. Lightweight Tag: Use to create a lightweight tag. These are basically pointers to a specific commit and don't store any extra metadata. Annotated Tag git tag -a v1.0.0 -m "Version 1.0" Lightweight Tag git tag v1.0.0 Use Case: Tags are perfect for marking releases. I prefer using lightweight tags because you can easily remove one if you make a mistake. git remote The git remote command lets you manage your remote repositories. git remote Use git remote add <name> <url> to add a new remote. Use git remote -v to list all configured remotes. Use git remote add <name> <url> to add a new remote. git remote add <name> <url> Use git remote -v to list all configured remotes. git remote -v Add a new remote repository git remote add origin https://github.com/username/repo.git List all configured remotes git remote -v Example output: origin https://github.com/username/repo.git (fetch) origin https://github.com/username/repo.git (push) SSH Connection Settings: If you prefer using SSH for your remote connections, you can set up your remote URLs to use SSH. SSH Connection Settings: Typical SSH URL git remote add origin git@github.com:username/repo.git Setting Up Non-Default SSH Port in the URL: Setting Up Non-Default SSH Port in the URL: To use a non-default SSH port in your Git remote URL, you can specify the port directly in the URL. Format the URL to include the port number git remote add origin ssh://git@github.com:2222/username/repo.git Use Case: Setting up SSH ensures secure connections to your remote repositories. Configuring a non-default SSH port can enhance security and adapt to specific server configurations. I hope this little cheat sheet helps the next time you're stuck. Keep coding, and happy Git-ing!

Git Commands You're Always Forgetting

Author is leading Developer Productivity GTM at Microsoft Western Europe. GitHub Copilot is a part of this business area. GitHub Copilot Chat is an incredibly powerful and useful feature that allows you to chat with or about your code. Even though it’s 100% natural language-friendly (i.e., you can send your messages without using any specific syntax), leveraging some special chat capabilities can unlock new AI-assisted development scenarios and significantly boost your productivity. These powerful features, which you can use by applying special syntax, include chat participants, slash commands, and context variables. Note that the described features are available in VS Code and might not be fully supported in other IDEs where GitHub Copilot Chat is available. Target Your Question or Request by Messaging One of the Available Chat Participants In GitHub Copilot Chat, you can reference one of the AI-powered “domain experts” using conventional chat syntax—by prepending @ to the participant name. The currently available chat participants are: @workspace: Knows everything about the code in your currently open workspace. This is the chat participant you will most likely communicate with frequently. @terminal: Knows all about the integrated terminal shell, its contents, and its buffer. @vscode: Knows about the VS Code editor, its commands, and features. Example: Let’s get information about the backend part of the project we’ve just been assigned to by asking the @workspace chat participant right after we open the project folder in VS Code. In this particular case, you don’t even need to have files open in your editor. Compare this with the response you get without tagging @workspace: The @workspace chat participant is instrumental for all solution-wide queries where you want all code to be considered for the chat response. However, this doesn't mean that all code will be used and sent as part of the prompt. The GitHub Copilot Chat extension in VS Code does its best to determine relevant files and parts of these files using local knowledge and intelligence first. You can check which files and code lines were used for the prompt by expanding the “Used references” line: Productivity hint: Use Ctrl-Enter (Cmd-Enter) instead of just Enter after typing your message, and the @workspace string will be inserted into your message automatically before sending. Be Precise in Setting the Context Using Chat Variables In many cases, considering the full solution as the context for your question or request (by using @workspace) is overkill. You might want to point to specific files or even parts of the files in your message. Chat variables can help! Use # to call one from this list: #file: Points to a specific file in your workspace. #codebase: All content of the open workspace. It’s similar to using @workspace and might be useful when you chat with another agent (like @terminal) but still want to reference the full solution. #editor: Source code in the editor’s viewport (visible part). #git: Current git repository: branch, remotes, path, etc. #selection: The currently selected code. #terminalLastCommand: Last run command in the editor’s terminal. #terminalSelection: Selection in the editor's terminal. Example: Let’s get help on improving method names in a specific file (and we want to ensure that the whole content of the file is taken into consideration). Productivity hint: Use the up and down keyboard arrows to pick the chat variable you need after typing #. In the case of #file, use keyboard navigation again to pick one of the suggested files. Call the Most Often Used Actions Quickly With Slash Commands Chatting with your code using natural language is fun, but having the option to call often-used actions using handy shortcuts is even better. Compare typing the full message “Explain how selected code works” versus typing “/”, then using keyboard arrows to pick /explain from the popup overlay. Another benefit of using the predefined syntax for commands is the confidence that GitHub Copilot understands our intent 100% correctly (natural language might have some ambiguity). There are a bunch of slash commands available. You can use them in conjunction with referencing the chat participant to provide the desired scope. Some of the commands are: /help: Help with available slash commands, chat participants, chat variables, and more. /doc: Generate documentation for the code. /explain: Explain how the code works (or get help with terminal commands if you prepend @terminal). /fix: Optimize and/or fix issues in the code. /tests: Create unit tests for the code. /new: Scaffold a new workspace. Example: Let’s get an explanation for one of the regular expressions in our code. Select the code line, and use the slash command “/explain. Productivity hint: Try GitHub Copilot Chat in inline mode instead of having the chat always open in the side pane. Press Ctrl-I (Cmd-I) and type your message in the small overlay dialog that appears right above the line where your cursor is in the code window. Summary Use chat participants, chat variables, and slash commands to maintain full control over the conversation context, ensure correct and consistent understanding of your intentions, and ultimately chat and code faster! Start your free GitHub Copilot trial here: https://aka.ms/try-github-copilot References https://github.blog/changelog/2024-01-30-code-faster-and-better-with-github-copilots-new-features-in-visual-studio/#slash-commands


https://github.blog/changelog/2023-11-30-github-copilot-november-30th-update/


https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/copilot/copilot-chat#_chat-participants


https://devblogs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/copilot-chat-slash-commands-and-context-variables/


https://code.visualstudio.com/updates/v1_85#_terminal-agent-and-command-suggestion-improvements


https://code.visualstudio.com/updates/v1_84#_chat-agents Author is leading Developer Productivity GTM at Microsoft Western Europe. GitHub Copilot is a part of this business area. Author is leading Developer Productivity GTM at Microsoft Western Europe. GitHub Copilot is a part of this business area. GitHub Copilot Chat is an incredibly powerful and useful feature that allows you to chat with or about your code. Even though it’s 100% natural language-friendly (i.e., you can send your messages without using any specific syntax), leveraging some special chat capabilities can unlock new AI-assisted development scenarios and significantly boost your productivity. These powerful features, which you can use by applying special syntax, include chat participants, slash commands, and context variables. Note that the described features are available in VS Code and might not be fully supported in other IDEs where GitHub Copilot Chat is available. Target Your Question or Request by Messaging One of the Available Chat Participants In GitHub Copilot Chat, you can reference one of the AI-powered “domain experts” using conventional chat syntax—by prepending @ to the participant name. The currently available chat participants are: @workspace: Knows everything about the code in your currently open workspace. This is the chat participant you will most likely communicate with frequently. @workspace : Knows everything about the code in your currently open workspace. This is the chat participant you will most likely communicate with frequently. @workspace @terminal: Knows all about the integrated terminal shell, its contents, and its buffer. @terminal : Knows all about the integrated terminal shell, its contents, and its buffer. @terminal @vscode: Knows about the VS Code editor, its commands, and features. @vscode : Knows about the VS Code editor, its commands, and features. @vscode Example: Let’s get information about the backend part of the project we’ve just been assigned to by asking the @workspace chat participant right after we open the project folder in VS Code. Example: Let’s get information about the backend part of the project we’ve just been assigned to by asking the @workspace chat participant right after we open the project folder in VS Code. Example: Let’s get information about the backend part of the project we’ve just been assigned to by asking the @workspace In this particular case, you don’t even need to have files open in your editor. Compare this with the response you get without tagging @workspace : @workspace The @workspace chat participant is instrumental for all solution-wide queries where you want all code to be considered for the chat response. However, this doesn't mean that all code will be used and sent as part of the prompt. The GitHub Copilot Chat extension in VS Code does its best to determine relevant files and parts of these files using local knowledge and intelligence first. You can check which files and code lines were used for the prompt by expanding the “Used references” line: @workspace Productivity hint: Use Ctrl-Enter (Cmd-Enter) instead of just Enter after typing your message, and the @workspace string will be inserted into your message automatically before sending. Productivity hint: Use Ctrl-Enter (Cmd-Enter) instead of just Enter after typing your message, and the @workspace string will be inserted into your message automatically before sending. Be Precise in Setting the Context Using Chat Variables In many cases, considering the full solution as the context for your question or request (by using @workspace ) is overkill. You might want to point to specific files or even parts of the files in your message. Chat variables can help! Use # to call one from this list: @workspace #file: Points to a specific file in your workspace. #file : Points to a specific file in your workspace. #file #codebase: All content of the open workspace. It’s similar to using @workspace and might be useful when you chat with another agent (like @terminal) but still want to reference the full solution. #codebase : All content of the open workspace. It’s similar to using @workspace and might be useful when you chat with another agent (like @terminal ) but still want to reference the full solution. #codebase @workspace @terminal #editor: Source code in the editor’s viewport (visible part). #editor : Source code in the editor’s viewport (visible part). #editor #git: Current git repository: branch, remotes, path, etc. #git : Current git repository: branch, remotes, path, etc. #git #selection: The currently selected code. #selection : The currently selected code. #selection #terminalLastCommand: Last run command in the editor’s terminal. #terminalLastCommand : Last run command in the editor’s terminal. #terminalLastCommand #terminalSelection: Selection in the editor's terminal. #terminalSelection : Selection in the editor's terminal. #terminalSelection Example: Let’s get help on improving method names in a specific file (and we want to ensure that the whole content of the file is taken into consideration). Example: Let’s get help on improving method names in a specific file (and we want to ensure that the whole content of the file is taken into consideration). Example: Let’s get help on improving method names in a specific file (and we want to ensure that the whole content of the file is taken into consideration). Productivity hint: Use the up and down keyboard arrows to pick the chat variable you need after typing #. In the case of #file , use keyboard navigation again to pick one of the suggested files. Productivity hint: Use the up and down keyboard arrows to pick the chat variable you need after typing #. In the case of #file , use keyboard navigation again to pick one of the suggested files. Call the Most Often Used Actions Quickly With Slash Commands Chatting with your code using natural language is fun, but having the option to call often-used actions using handy shortcuts is even better. Compare typing the full message “Explain how selected code works” versus typing “/”, then using keyboard arrows to pick /explain from the popup overlay. /explain Another benefit of using the predefined syntax for commands is the confidence that GitHub Copilot understands our intent 100% correctly (natural language might have some ambiguity). There are a bunch of slash commands available. You can use them in conjunction with referencing the chat participant to provide the desired scope. Some of the commands are: /help: Help with available slash commands, chat participants, chat variables, and more. /help : Help with available slash commands, chat participants, chat variables, and more. /help /doc: Generate documentation for the code. /doc : Generate documentation for the code. /doc /explain: Explain how the code works (or get help with terminal commands if you prepend @terminal). /explain : Explain how the code works (or get help with terminal commands if you prepend @terminal). /explain /fix: Optimize and/or fix issues in the code. /fix : Optimize and/or fix issues in the code. /fix /tests: Create unit tests for the code. /tests : Create unit tests for the code. /tests /new: Scaffold a new workspace. /new : Scaffold a new workspace. /new Example: Let’s get an explanation for one of the regular expressions in our code. Select the code line, and use the slash command “/explain. Example: Let’s get an explanation for one of the regular expressions in our code. Select the code line, and use the slash command “ /explain . Example: Let’s get an explanation for one of the regular expressions in our code. Select the code line, and use the slash command “ /explain Productivity hint: Try GitHub Copilot Chat in inline mode instead of having the chat always open in the side pane. Press Ctrl-I (Cmd-I) and type your message in the small overlay dialog that appears right above the line where your cursor is in the code window. Productivity hint: Try GitHub Copilot Chat in inline mode instead of having the chat always open in the side pane. Press Ctrl-I (Cmd-I) and type your message in the small overlay dialog that appears right above the line where your cursor is in the code window. Summary Use chat participants, chat variables, and slash commands to maintain full control over the conversation context, ensure correct and consistent understanding of your intentions, and ultimately chat and code faster! Start your free GitHub Copilot trial here: https://aka.ms/try-github-copilot https://aka.ms/try-github-copilot References https://github.blog/changelog/2024-01-30-code-faster-and-better-with-github-copilots-new-features-in-visual-studio/#slash-commands https://github.blog/changelog/2023-11-30-github-copilot-november-30th-update/ https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/copilot/copilot-chat#_chat-participants https://devblogs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/copilot-chat-slash-commands-and-context-variables/ https://code.visualstudio.com/updates/v1_85#_terminal-agent-and-command-suggestion-improvements https://code.visualstudio.com/updates/v1_84#_chat-agents https://github.blog/changelog/2024-01-30-code-faster-and-better-with-github-copilots-new-features-in-visual-studio/#slash-commands https://github.blog/changelog/2024-01-30-code-faster-and-better-with-github-copilots-new-features-in-visual-studio/#slash-commands https://github.blog/changelog/2024-01-30-code-faster-and-better-with-github-copilots-new-features-in-visual-studio/#slash-commands https://github.blog/changelog/2023-11-30-github-copilot-november-30th-update/ https://github.blog/changelog/2023-11-30-github-copilot-november-30th-update/ https://github.blog/changelog/2023-11-30-github-copilot-november-30th-update/ https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/copilot/copilot-chat#_chat-participants https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/copilot/copilot-chat#_chat-participants https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/copilot/copilot-chat#_chat-participants https://devblogs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/copilot-chat-slash-commands-and-context-variables/ https://devblogs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/copilot-chat-slash-commands-and-context-variables/ https://devblogs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/copilot-chat-slash-commands-and-context-variables/ https://code.visualstudio.com/updates/v1_85#_terminal-agent-and-command-suggestion-improvements https://code.visualstudio.com/updates/v1_85#_terminal-agent-and-command-suggestion-improvements https://code.visualstudio.com/updates/v1_85#_terminal-agent-and-command-suggestion-improvements https://code.visualstudio.com/updates/v1_84#_chat-agents https://code.visualstudio.com/updates/v1_84#_chat-agents https://code.visualstudio.com/updates/v1_84#_chat-agents

How to Leverage GitHub Copilot Chat Syntax: Chat Participants, Chat Variables, and Slash Commands

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The Linux command line is a powerful tool with a wide range of functions. Users mostly use it to interact with their computers, and it gives them access to a variety of tools that can expedite and streamline their work. To fully utilize this capacity, you must be familiar with a few fundamental commands and shortcuts. Furthermore, grasping the fundamental commands of Linux is essential to making the most of all of its features. I recently posed the question, “What is your favourite Linux command?” on X (previously Twitter), and I received a lot of responses. https://twitter.com/Dhanush_Nehru/status/1789549671385575858?embedable=true After viewing most of the comments, I’ve selected a couple that might be significant and also important to know. rm Command: rm removes all the files from the current directory with a prompt. rm -RF removes all the files and directories recursively without a prompt. Example: rm test.txt touch Command: An empty file is created in the current directory by the touch command. Example: touch test.txt rmdir Command: The rmdir command deletes an empty directory from the current working directory. Example: rmdir example_directory cd Command: It’s used to navigate between directories or folders within a file system. To go directly to the root directory, we use the cd command alone. Example: cd /home/user ls Command: This command is used to list files and directories in a directory. When used with the -lrh options, it provides a detailed list with specific formatting. -l: Produces a long listing format, showing additional information such as permissions, owner, group, size, and modification time.
-r: Lists files and directories in reverse order.
-h: Prints sizes in a human-readable format (e.g., kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes). Example: ls -lrh cat Command: The cat command displays the contents of a text file. Example: cat example.txt pwd Command: The pwd command displays the path of the current working directory. Example: pwd man Command: To access the manual pages for a specific command, use the man command. It offers comprehensive details on the syntax, options, and operation of a command. Example: man ls sudo Command: In Unix-like operating systems, the sudo command represents “superuser do.” As determined by the security policy set up on the system, it permits a permitted user to run a command as the superuser (root) or as any other user. Example: sudo nano /etc/hosts Apart from these commands, there are a few more commands that you might not be aware of, so check out this video for further insights. https://youtu.be/sIG3ForhRRI?si=SNhgY8gchpryKatD&embedable=true Thanks for reading, please give a like as a sort of encouragement, and also share this post on socials which might benefit someone. Connect ⬇️ Twitter / Instagram / Github / Youtube / Newsletter / Discord The Linux command line is a powerful tool with a wide range of functions. Users mostly use it to interact with their computers, and it gives them access to a variety of tools that can expedite and streamline their work. To fully utilize this capacity, you must be familiar with a few fundamental commands and shortcuts. Furthermore, grasping the fundamental commands of Linux is essential to making the most of all of its features. I recently posed the question, “What is your favourite Linux command?” on X (previously Twitter), and I received a lot of responses. https://twitter.com/Dhanush_Nehru/status/1789549671385575858?embedable=true https://twitter.com/Dhanush_Nehru/status/1789549671385575858?embedable=true After viewing most of the comments, I’ve selected a couple that might be significant and also important to know. rm Command: rm removes all the files from the current directory with a prompt. rm -RF removes all the files and directories recursively without a prompt. Example: rm test.txt touch Command: An empty file is created in the current directory by the touch command. Example: touch test.txt rmdir Command: The rmdir command deletes an empty directory from the current working directory. Example: rmdir example_directory cd Command: It’s used to navigate between directories or folders within a file system. To go directly to the root directory, we use the cd command alone. Example: cd /home/user ls Command: This command is used to list files and directories in a directory. When used with the -lrh options, it provides a detailed list with specific formatting. -lrh -l: Produces a long listing format, showing additional information such as permissions, owner, group, size, and modification time. -r: Lists files and directories in reverse order. -h: Prints sizes in a human-readable format (e.g., kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes). -l : Produces a long listing format, showing additional information such as permissions, owner, group, size, and modification time. -l -r : Lists files and directories in reverse order. -r -h : Prints sizes in a human-readable format (e.g., kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes). -h Example: ls -lrh cat Command: The cat command displays the contents of a text file. Example: cat example.txt pwd Command: The pwd command displays the path of the current working directory. Example: pwd man Command: To access the manual pages for a specific command, use the man command. It offers comprehensive details on the syntax, options, and operation of a command. Example: man ls sudo Command: In Unix-like operating systems, the sudo command represents “superuser do.” As determined by the security policy set up on the system, it permits a permitted user to run a command as the superuser (root) or as any other user. Example: sudo nano /etc/hosts Apart from these commands, there are a few more commands that you might not be aware of, so check out this video for further insights. Apart from these commands, there are a few more commands that you might not be aware of, so check out this video for further insights. https://youtu.be/sIG3ForhRRI?si=SNhgY8gchpryKatD&embedable=true https://youtu.be/sIG3ForhRRI?si=SNhgY8gchpryKatD&embedable=true Thanks for reading, please give a like as a sort of encouragement, and also share this post on socials which might benefit someone. Thanks for reading, please give a like as a sort of encouragement, and also share this post on socials which might benefit someone. Connect ⬇️ Connect Twitter / Instagram / Github / Youtube / Newsletter / Discord Twitter Twitter / Instagram Instagram / Github Github / Youtube Youtube / Newsletter Newsletter / Discord Discord

The Most Important Linux Commands You Need To Know!!!

ChatGPT 4 is required - April 12, 2024 version. In a Hurry... Check out to see Markdown display in action: https://chat.openai.com/share/473879c4-8d1f-4608-968e-fbdb115b3cb9 TL;DR We have all spoken magic words like , , . please abracadabra These Aren't The Droids You Were Looking Let's learn the that can transform ChatGPT's plain text responses into beautifully formatted responses complete with images. 12 magic words Screenshot The Problem ChatGPT uses Markdown to display responses. If you watch closely, you can see the raw Markdown being typed out. But to get ChatGPT to display the Markdown you enter isn't easy. If you ask ChatGPT, it will likely refuse, even if you say . Sometimes, you will get ChatGPT to display basic Markdown but will refuse to display your images. Sample message: please ChatGTP I'm unable to render images directly from URLs. However, if you need any information about the image or its contents, feel free to describe it to me, and I'll help as best as I can! The Solution Let's explore two methods to enable Markdown rendering in ChatGPT. We'll set the magic word trigger word to . [md] Recommended Experience for Challenges Bees Required Programming Experience 🐝 No programming experience 🐝🐝 Beginner 🐝🐝🐝 Intermediate 🐝🐝🐝🐝 Advanced Note: ⏱️Challenge completion time is based on specified programming experience. Challenge #1: Basic Magic ⏱️ 2min • 🐝 (1/4) STEPS: Instruct ChatGPT: Type the following instruction and press : Enter AI_Instruction: When `[md]` appears, repeat entire message with Markdown rendered, then answer. Test it out by copying and pasting the Markdown text and press : Enter [md]

### How long can **dogs** live?

![](https://cdn.hackernoon.com/images/k2s7svgbhkVZ5UqFBHR7QLwURtJ2-2024-04-17T15:00:02.214Z-mxgf61zoozv3xdnocjdz9xng)

Please respond **briefly**

Thanks! From now on, if you use anywhere in your request any Markdown, any Markdown tags contained in your message will be rendered out. [md] Challenge #2: Advanced Markdown Magic: ⏱️ 5min • 🐝½ (1½/4) Let’s add even more sorcery to our toolkit. This has more potency and allows you to do more with Markdown. Read the AI Instructions to discover the that allows this to work. secret sauce This advanced method allows any text you have in the [md]...[/md] to be understood as a text for display and formatting purposes. Your explicit instructions should be outside of [md]...[/md]. STEPS: 1: Start a conversation, copy and paste the text below in, and press new Enter # AI Instructions
title: ChatGPT Magic Markdown System
markdown_tags: `[md]...[/md]`

# This is using AImarkdown Script a combination of  YAML and Markdown Language

# If user response contains any content wrapped with `markdown_tags` do the following
- 1. The wrapped text is not part of user's instructions.
- 2. The wrapped text is to be rendered out as Markdown in AI response.
- 3. Treat other text normally.
- 4. AI will not elaborate or explain how `markdown_tags` will be handled to the user.
- 5. Once this is understood, AI to greet user with `user_instructions`.

# Display instructions to user.
user_instructions: |
## Welcome to  🪄 **[title]** !
- From now on any text you wrap with [markdown_tags] will be rendered out as Markdown in ChatGPT's response.
- Enjoy the show ! 2: Try entering this request by copying and pasting this text which is full of Markdown in. # Hello world

[md]

### How old can **dogs** live.

![](https://cdn.hackernoon.com/images/k2s7svgbhkVZ5UqFBHR7QLwURtJ2-2024-04-17T15:00:02.213Z-vtia5fodzora7s4jdse54b5y)
[/md]
Give me a short answer to:

1. What is the color #f00?
2. When is Easter in 2024 Do you see what happened? Only some of the message is rendered. Here is the Shared Chat Session: https://chat.openai.com/share/f67f7d43-d00a-4be8-9821-1e4557a54fbd 🪄 Double Bonus The link above also shows how to use Markdown tables in your responses. This ability is extremely useful. Sample Markdown Table used in link: | Syntax    | Description |   Test Text |
| :-------- | :---------: | ----------: |
| Header    |    Title    | Here's this |
| Paragraph |    Text     |    And more | Notes: If a user's request combines both features—Markdown formatting and the specific handling of text within [md]...[/md] tags—the AI would prioritize rendering the text inside the tags in Markdown while treating any text outside the tags as the actual user request. This ensures a clear distinction between the content intended for formatting in the response and the content meant for processing as part of the request. Since we are asking ChatGPT to do something it says it can't do, this technique may not be perfectly reliable within the existing chat interface. - I have written OpenAI developers to ask that this feature be added Final Challenge: Unleash Your Creativity Experiment, and see what other Markdown wonders you can create! Have fun! 🍯 APPENDIX A - Learning Resources Learn more about AImarkdown Script AImarkdown Script is a versatile language for creating dynamic interactions with conversational AI platforms like ChatGPT. It empowers users to script interactions, control conversation flow, and customize AI behavior and responses. For programmers, it offers the flexibility of a scripting language; for non-programmers, it provides a user-friendly way to customize and control AI experiences. https://aimarkdown.org : Image Credits Wizard Image for header is AI Generated by ChatGPT 4. Dog: https://pixabay.com/photos/dog-animal-art-abstract-pet-2456264/

How to Use 12 Magic Words to Command ChatGPT to Render Markdown

Docker has become a cornerstone of modern application development. By containerizing applications, Docker streamlines deployment simplifies collaboration and promotes portability. This blog post delves into some fundamental Docker commands you’ll encounter frequently. Listing Docker Containers# sudo docker container ls -a --no-trunc List all containers (including exited ones) without truncating names# sudo docker container ls -a --no-trunc
sudo docker container ls -a List all containers (running and stopped)# sudo docker container ls -a
sudo docker container ls -a -q List only container IDs# sudo docker container ls -a -q
sudo docker container ls -l List containers with detailed information# sudo docker container ls -l
sudo docker container ls -a --filter "" List containers based on filters (example: –filter status=running)# sudo docker container ls -a --filter "" Running a Container# sudo docker container run centos:7 ping 127.0.0.1 -c 10 Run a single instance of centos:7 image and execute ping command# sudo docker container run centos:7 ping 127.0.0.1 -c 10 Viewing Container Information# sudo docker ps List all running containers# sudo docker ps
sudo docker ps -a List all containers (running and stopped) with ps# sudo docker ps -a Starting and Stopping Containers# sudo docker container run -d centos:7 ping 127.0.0.1 Run a container in detached mode (background)# sudo docker container run -d centos:7 ping 127.0.0.1
sudo docker ps Verify the container is running (after running in detached mode)# sudo docker ps Inspecting Container Logs# sudo docker container logs [containerid] View logs of a specific container (replace [containerid] with actual ID)# sudo docker container logs [containerid]
sudo docker container logs --tail [containerid] View only the most recent logs of a container (replace [containerid] with actual ID)# sudo docker container logs --tail [containerid]
sudo docker container logs --tail 10 [containerid]
sudo docker container logs -f [containerid] Follow container logs in real-time (replace [containerid] with actual ID)# sudo docker container logs -f [containerid] Additional Commands# sudo docker container start [containerid]: Starts a stopped container.
sudo docker container stop [containerid]: Stops a running container.
sudo docker container rm [containerid]: Removes a container. Conclusion# This blog post provides a brief overview of essential Docker commands. By mastering these commands, you’ll be well on your way to effectively managing containers and building robust applications with Docker. Note: Replace [containerid] with the actual ID of the container whenever applicable in the commands. Also published . here

Fundamental Docker Commands You Should Know

Docker has become a cornerstone in the modern software development landscape. It empowers developers to package and run applications in a consistent and portable manner, irrespective of the underlying infrastructure. This guide serves as a gentle introduction to Docker, delving into the essential commands that will kickstart your journey into the world of containers. 1. Verifying Docker Installation:# The first step is to verify that is installed on your system. Run the following command: Docker sudo docker --version This command displays the installed Docker version. 2. Running the “Hello World” Application:# To experience the magic of Docker firsthand, let’s run the “hello-world” application: sudo docker run hello-world This command fetches the “hello-world” image from Docker Hub and executes it, displaying a simple message on your console. 3. Listing Running Containers:# Docker allows you to manage multiple containers simultaneously. To view a list of all running containers, use the following command: sudo docker ps This command displays a table with information about each running container, including its ID, image name, status, and ports. 4. Launching an Interactive Container:# One of Docker’s key features is the ability to run applications in an isolated environment. To experience this, let’s launch an interactive container based on the Ubuntu image: sudo docker run -it ubuntu bash This command not only starts the container but also provides you with a terminal inside the container, allowing you to execute commands and interact with the system as if it were a regular machine. 5. Searching for Images:# Docker Hub, a public registry, hosts a vast collection of images. You can search for images by name, description, or other criteria using the following command: sudo docker search ubuntu This command searches for images containing the keyword “ubuntu” and displays a list of relevant results. 6. Running a Command Inside a Container:# Often, you may want to run specific commands within a container. To achieve this, you can combine the run command with the -it flag and specify the desired command: sudo docker run -it ubuntu bash
sudo apt-get update This example updates the package list inside the Ubuntu container. 7. Diving Deeper with docker info:# For a comprehensive overview of your Docker environment, use the info command: sudo docker info This command provides detailed information about the Docker daemon, including its configuration, network settings, and storage options. 8. Exploring All Containers:# By default, docker ps only lists running containers. To view all containers, including those that have stopped, use the -a flag: sudo docker ps
sudo docker ps -a The first command displays only running containers, while the second command shows both running and stopped containers. 9. Alternative Listing Formats:# Docker provides various options for customizing the output of the docker ps command. The -l flag allows you to specify the desired format, such as JSON or table: sudo docker container ls
sudo docker container ls -a The container ls command is an alias for docker ps. The first command lists all running containers in a table format, while the second command, with the -a flag, lists all containers (running and stopped) in a table format. 10. Mastering Container Management:# Now that you’ve gained familiarity with basic commands let’s delve into container management, covering operations such as starting, stopping, removing, and restarting containers. 11. Initiating a Container:# To start a container, use the run command with the -it flag for an interactive session: sudo docker run -it centos bash This command starts a container based on the CentOS image and provides you with a terminal inside the container. 12. Halting a Container:# To stop a running container, use the stop command: sudo docker stop <container_id> Replace <container_id> with the ID of the container you want to stop. 13. Removing a Container:# Once you’re done with a container, you can remove it using the rm command: sudo docker rm <container_id> This command removes the specified container from your system. 14. Restarting a Container:# To restart a stopped container, use the restart command: sudo docker restart <container_id> This command restarts. 15. Running a CentOS Container:# sudo docker container run -it centos:7 bash sudo: Grants root privileges for container operations. Docker container run: Creates a new Docker container. -it: Allocates a pseudo-terminal (interactive shell) for interacting with the container. centos:7: Specifies the Docker image to use (CentOS version 7). bash: Launches a Bash shell within the container. 16. System Update:# sudo yum -y update sudo: Again, for root privileges (package management often requires them). Yum: I am the package manager for RPM-based systems like CentOS. -y: Automatically confirms any prompts during the update process (use with caution in production environments). Update: Updates system packages to their latest versions. 17. Listing Directory Contents:# ls -l ls: Lists files and directories. -l: Provides detailed information in a long format (including permissions, owner, group, size, and timestamps). 18. Creating a File:# echo "we are here" > example.org echo: Prints text to the terminal or a file. “we are here”: The text to be written. : Redirects the output to a file (creates example.org in this case) 19. Verifying File Creation:# ls -l Lists the directory contents again, showing the newly created example.org. 20. Viewing File Contents:# cat example.org cat: Displays the contents of a file. example.org: The file to display. 21. Exiting the Container:# exit Terminates the interactive shell session within the container. 22. Listing Running Containers:# sudo docker ps sudo: For root privileges. docker ps: Lists currently running Docker containers. 23. Listing All Containers (Including Stopped Ones):# sudo docker ps -a -a: Shows all containers, regardless of their running state. 24. Running Another Container:# sudo docker container run -it centos:7 bash Re-runs the container creation command from step 1. 25. Exiting the Second Container:# exit Terminates the shell session within the second container 26. Listing All Containers Again:# sudo docker ps -a Verifies both containers are listed. 27. Starting a Stopped Container:# sudo docker container start [containerid] start: Attempts to start a stopped container. [containerid]: Replace this with the actual ID of the container you want to start (obtainable from docker ps -a). 28. Verifying the Started Container:# sudo docker ps Checks if the previously stopped container is now listed as running. 29. Inspecting Processes Within a Container:# sudo docker container exec [containerid] ps -ef exec: Executes a command within a running container. [containerid]: The ID of the container to access. ps -ef: Lists all processes running inside the container (similar to ps -aux on Linux). 30. Interactive Access to the Container:# sudo docker container exec -it [containerid] bash -it: Allocates a pseudo-terminal for interactive interaction. Provides access to the Bash shell within the specified container, allowing you to execute further commands. 31. Verifying File Creation (Inside the Container):# ls -l Lists directory contents, showing example.org 32. Viewing File Contents (Inside the Container):# cat example.org Displays the contents of example.org created earlier. 33. Remember:# Replace [containerid] with the actual container ID in steps 13, 15, and 16. Use docker ps -a to view all containers, including stopped ones. Also published here.

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