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As I reflect back on my tenure as CEO of Tonga Cable Ltd from 2018 to 2020, I'm reminded of Robert Frost's famous poem about two diverging roads in a yellow wood. We faced such a moment of choice, though at the time, I don't think anyone but me fully grasped its significance. It began with disappointment. We had invested considerably in establishing data center operations and cloud services – a logical step for a company operating the nation's submarine cable infrastructure. The initiative showed immense promise, but fate had other plans. Following concerns raised by one of our shareholders because they offering the same service as a retailer of internet capacity, we had to cease these operations, leaving us with valuable infrastructure and a pressing need to re-imagine its utility. In moments of challenge, innovation often flourishes. As I surveyed our assets – three cable landing stations humming 24/7 with reliable power infrastructure, standby generators standing ready, and most tantalizingly, our position on the internet's backbone with vast under-utilized capacity – an idea began to crystallize. What if we could turn these resources toward Bitcoin mining? The synchronicity was perfect. We had everything a mining operation could dream of: reliable power, multiple secure locations with built-in cooling systems, direct access to high-speed internet connectivity, and a team with the technical expertise to maintain it all. It seemed like destiny had handed us all the pieces of a puzzle that could transform not just our company, but potentially our entire nation's economic future. The numbers danced in my head. In 2018, Bitcoin traded between $3,200 and $17,000. Even with a modest setup of 100 ASIC miners, we could have been mining approximately 43.8 BTC annually. At the time, this would have translated to roughly $273,790 in annual revenue after accounting for electricity costs and pool fees. Today, as we approach 2025 with Bitcoin exceeding $96,916.31, that same mining output would generate significantly more revenue, but the exact figure depends on various factors including electricity costs and changes in network difficulty. And that's with a conservative setup – we had the capacity for much more. I often think about El Salvador and Bhutan, nations that took bold steps into the cryptocurrency frontier. Tonga, with our strategic location in the Pacific and robust infrastructure, could have blazed a similar trail. We could have been the beacon of blockchain innovation in the Pacific, attracting technological investment and expertise to our shores. Our small island nation could have positioned itself at the forefront of the digital asset revolution. But reality has its own gravity. I knew then that submitting such a proposal to our Board of Directors would be like suggesting we build a runway for flying saucers. The conservative nature of our governance, combined with the volatile reputation of cryptocurrency mining, made it a non-starter. Sometimes, being too early is indistinguishable from being wrong. Yet, as I watch Bitcoin's meteoric rise and the growing mainstream acceptance of cryptocurrency, I can't help but wonder about that road not taken. The infrastructure we had – our power systems, our cooling capabilities, our internet connectivity – they were like a key in search of its lock. We had the potential to be pioneers, to write a different economic story for Tonga. These reflections aren't about regret – they're about recognizing that innovation often appears first as an impossible dream. As leaders, we sometimes glimpse opportunities that exist in the overlap between present capabilities and future possibilities. The fact that these opportunities don't always materialize doesn't make them any less real or significant. Today, as I watch nations and major corporations embrace the very ideas that once seemed too radical for our board room, I'm reminded that timing is everything in leadership and innovation. The seeds we plant don't always grow in our season. But perhaps sharing this story might inspire others to look at their existing resources with fresh eyes, to see the extraordinary potential hiding within the ordinary. As I reflect back on my tenure as CEO of Tonga Cable Ltd from 2018 to 2020, I'm reminded of Robert Frost's famous poem about two diverging roads in a yellow wood. We faced such a moment of choice, though at the time, I don't think anyone but me fully grasped its significance. It began with disappointment. We had invested considerably in establishing data center operations and cloud services – a logical step for a company operating the nation's submarine cable infrastructure. The initiative showed immense promise, but fate had other plans. Following concerns raised by one of our shareholders because they offering the same service as a retailer of internet capacity, we had to cease these operations, leaving us with valuable infrastructure and a pressing need to re-imagine its utility. In moments of challenge, innovation often flourishes. As I surveyed our assets – three cable landing stations humming 24/7 with reliable power infrastructure, standby generators standing ready, and most tantalizingly, our position on the internet's backbone with vast under-utilized capacity – an idea began to crystallize. What if we could turn these resources toward Bitcoin mining? The synchronicity was perfect. We had everything a mining operation could dream of: reliable power, multiple secure locations with built-in cooling systems, direct access to high-speed internet connectivity, and a team with the technical expertise to maintain it all. It seemed like destiny had handed us all the pieces of a puzzle that could transform not just our company, but potentially our entire nation's economic future. The numbers danced in my head. In 2018, Bitcoin traded between $3,200 and $17,000. Even with a modest setup of 100 ASIC miners, we could have been mining approximately 43.8 BTC annually. At the time, this would have translated to roughly $273,790 in annual revenue after accounting for electricity costs and pool fees. Today, as we approach 2025 with Bitcoin exceeding $96,916.31, that same mining output would generate significantly more revenue, but the exact figure depends on various factors including electricity costs and changes in network difficulty. And that's with a conservative setup – we had the capacity for much more. I often think about El Salvador and Bhutan, nations that took bold steps into the cryptocurrency frontier. Tonga, with our strategic location in the Pacific and robust infrastructure, could have blazed a similar trail. We could have been the beacon of blockchain innovation in the Pacific, attracting technological investment and expertise to our shores. Our small island nation could have positioned itself at the forefront of the digital asset revolution. But reality has its own gravity. I knew then that submitting such a proposal to our Board of Directors would be like suggesting we build a runway for flying saucers. The conservative nature of our governance, combined with the volatile reputation of cryptocurrency mining, made it a non-starter. Sometimes, being too early is indistinguishable from being wrong. Yet, as I watch Bitcoin's meteoric rise and the growing mainstream acceptance of cryptocurrency, I can't help but wonder about that road not taken. The infrastructure we had – our power systems, our cooling capabilities, our internet connectivity – they were like a key in search of its lock. We had the potential to be pioneers, to write a different economic story for Tonga. These reflections aren't about regret – they're about recognizing that innovation often appears first as an impossible dream. As leaders, we sometimes glimpse opportunities that exist in the overlap between present capabilities and future possibilities. The fact that these opportunities don't always materialize doesn't make them any less real or significant. Today, as I watch nations and major corporations embrace the very ideas that once seemed too radical for our board room, I'm reminded that timing is everything in leadership and innovation. The seeds we plant don't always grow in our season. But perhaps sharing this story might inspire others to look at their existing resources with fresh eyes, to see the extraordinary potential hiding within the ordinary.

Ex-CEO Says Bitcoin Mining Could Have Been a Revenue Boom for the Pacific Island

Exdirector ejecutivo afirma que la minería de Bitcoin podría haber sido un boom de ingresos para la isla del Pacífico

مدیر عامل سابق می گوید استخراج بیت کوین می تواند رونق درآمدی برای جزیره اقیانوس آرام باشد

מנכ"ל לשעבר אומר שכריית ביטקוין יכולה הייתה להיות בום הכנסות לאי השקט

Mantan CEO Mengatakan Penambangan Bitcoin Bisa Menjadi Ledakan Pendapatan bagi Kepulauan Pasifik

元CEOは、ビットコインマイニングは太平洋諸島にとって収益の急増をもたらす可能性があったと語る

ყოფილი აღმასრულებელი დირექტორი ამბობს, რომ ბიტკოინის მაინინგი შესაძლოა წყნარი ოკეანის კუნძულისთვის შემოსავლების ბუმი ყოფილიყო

អតីតនាយកប្រតិបត្តិនិយាយថាការជីកយករ៉ែ Bitcoin អាចជាការកើនឡើងនៃប្រាក់ចំណូលសម្រាប់កោះប៉ាស៊ីហ្វិក

Биткойны олборлолт Номхон далайн арлын орлогын өсөлт байж магадгүй гэж экс гүйцэтгэх захирал хэлэв

Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Zamani Anasema Uchimbaji wa Bitcoin Ungeweza Kukuza Mapato kwa Kisiwa cha Pasifiki

ዋና ኣካያዲ ስራሕ ነበር ዕደና ቢትኮይን ንደሴት ፓስፊክ ዕቤት እቶት ክኸውን ይኽእል ነይሩ ይብል

Sinabi ng Ex-CEO na Maaaring Naging Boom ng Kita ang Bitcoin Mining para sa Pacific Island

Колишній генеральний директор каже, що видобуток біткойнів міг стати бумом доходів для острова Тихого океану

Yesterday, I had the opportunity to help install a Starlink Mini, and the experience brought to light the evolving landscape of internet connectivity in the Pacific Islands. As we navigate the ongoing debate between submarine fiber optic cables and satellite solutions like Starlink, it’s essential to consider how these investments align with the unique challenges of our scattered populations and the pressing need for reliable internet access. Many Pacific Island nations have heavily invested in submarine fiber optic cables, believing that these connections would serve as the backbone for modern digital infrastructure. The most recent development in this space includes Nauru and the Tuvalu VAKA Cable, which links Funafuti to the broader Pacific network, marks a significant step toward enhancing connectivity. However, despite these advancements, many residents still rely on outdated technologies like ADSL, 3G and 4G, which struggle to deliver on the promises of high-speed internet. The small populations of Pacific Island nations, spread across vast distances, create high per capita costs for maintaining and operating these expensive submarine cable infrastructures. For many, the reality of internet service remains disappointing. Unlimited plans offered by some providers depend on aging copper networks, severely limiting speeds and making it difficult to fully realize the benefits of high-capacity submarine cables. Moreover, submarine cables are particularly susceptible to disruptions from cable cuts, which can result from natural disasters, negligence, or seismic events. For instance, Tonga has experienced multiple outages related to its submarine cable infrastructure, with a concerning probability of 80% for such incidents to recur in the future. This vulnerability highlights a significant risk associated with relying solely on submarine cables for connectivity, as repeated disruptions can leave entire communities without access to the internet for extended periods. In contrast, satellite solutions like Starlink present a more adaptable alternative. With advancements like the Starlink Mini, users can access internet speeds of up to 150 Mbps for just TOP 201 a month. This solution is not only cost-effective but also portable, allowing for connectivity from various locations across the Pacific Islands. The crux of the issue lies in the "last mile." While submarine cables can transmit data at terabits per second, the final delivery to consumers often hinges on legacy systems that cannot keep pace with these capabilities. The speed of light in fiber optics starkly contrasts with the slower speeds of copper-based technologies. This fundamental disconnect raises critical questions: What is the point of investing in costly submarine cables if the last mile still drags behind in performance? As I installed the Starlink Mini, I was struck by the potential of satellite technology in our region. With the ability to connect to high-speed internet from virtually anywhere, Starlink serves as a viable alternative to traditional infrastructure. This flexibility to access reliable internet at a fraction of the cost of maintaining extensive submarine systems is particularly appealing for the Pacific Islands, where connectivity is crucial for education, business, and emergency services. As we evaluate the future of connectivity in the Pacific Islands, it’s clear that a one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable. While submarine fiber optic cables are essential for improving regional connectivity, they must be complemented by innovative solutions like Starlink to ensure that all residents benefit from reliable internet access. The ongoing investments in submarine infrastructure should not overshadow the potential of satellite technologies, especially in regions with unique geographic challenges. By embracing a hybrid approach that leverages the strengths of both submarine cables and satellite solutions, we can work towards a more connected and digitally inclusive future for the Pacific Islands. The goal should be to ensure that all citizens can access the internet, not just those fortunate enough to live near cable landing points. In our quest for connectivity, let’s prioritize practicality and accessibility, ensuring that every resident can truly benefit from the digital age. Yesterday, I had the opportunity to help install a Starlink Mini, and the experience brought to light the evolving landscape of internet connectivity in the Pacific Islands. As we navigate the ongoing debate between submarine fiber optic cables and satellite solutions like Starlink, it’s essential to consider how these investments align with the unique challenges of our scattered populations and the pressing need for reliable internet access. Many Pacific Island nations have heavily invested in submarine fiber optic cables, believing that these connections would serve as the backbone for modern digital infrastructure. The most recent development in this space includes Nauru and the Tuvalu VAKA Cable, which links Funafuti to the broader Pacific network, marks a significant step toward enhancing connectivity. However, despite these advancements, many residents still rely on outdated technologies like ADSL, 3G and 4G, which struggle to deliver on the promises of high-speed internet. The small populations of Pacific Island nations, spread across vast distances, create high per capita costs for maintaining and operating these expensive submarine cable infrastructures. For many, the reality of internet service remains disappointing. Unlimited plans offered by some providers depend on aging copper networks, severely limiting speeds and making it difficult to fully realize the benefits of high-capacity submarine cables. Moreover, submarine cables are particularly susceptible to disruptions from cable cuts, which can result from natural disasters, negligence, or seismic events. For instance, Tonga has experienced multiple outages related to its submarine cable infrastructure, with a concerning probability of 80% for such incidents to recur in the future. This vulnerability highlights a significant risk associated with relying solely on submarine cables for connectivity, as repeated disruptions can leave entire communities without access to the internet for extended periods. In contrast, satellite solutions like Starlink present a more adaptable alternative. With advancements like the Starlink Mini, users can access internet speeds of up to 150 Mbps for just TOP 201 a month. This solution is not only cost-effective but also portable, allowing for connectivity from various locations across the Pacific Islands. The crux of the issue lies in the "last mile." While submarine cables can transmit data at terabits per second, the final delivery to consumers often hinges on legacy systems that cannot keep pace with these capabilities. The speed of light in fiber optics starkly contrasts with the slower speeds of copper-based technologies. This fundamental disconnect raises critical questions: What is the point of investing in costly submarine cables if the last mile still drags behind in performance? As I installed the Starlink Mini, I was struck by the potential of satellite technology in our region. With the ability to connect to high-speed internet from virtually anywhere, Starlink serves as a viable alternative to traditional infrastructure. This flexibility to access reliable internet at a fraction of the cost of maintaining extensive submarine systems is particularly appealing for the Pacific Islands, where connectivity is crucial for education, business, and emergency services. As we evaluate the future of connectivity in the Pacific Islands, it’s clear that a one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable. While submarine fiber optic cables are essential for improving regional connectivity, they must be complemented by innovative solutions like Starlink to ensure that all residents benefit from reliable internet access. The ongoing investments in submarine infrastructure should not overshadow the potential of satellite technologies, especially in regions with unique geographic challenges. By embracing a hybrid approach that leverages the strengths of both submarine cables and satellite solutions, we can work towards a more connected and digitally inclusive future for the Pacific Islands. The goal should be to ensure that all citizens can access the internet, not just those fortunate enough to live near cable landing points. In our quest for connectivity, let’s prioritize practicality and accessibility, ensuring that every resident can truly benefit from the digital age.

Starlink Is Helping Pacific Islanders Ditch Outdated 3G and 4G Technologies For Superior Internet

In the midst of crystal-clear waters and lush tropical landscapes, the Pacific Island nations have long wrestled with a silent economic challenge that runs deeper than the ocean currents. Picture Mele, a young entrepreneur in Tonga, standing frustrated at her local bank branch. Despite her innovative business idea and determination, she faces an insurmountable first hurdle – the inability to open a bank account without formal proof of employment. The traditional banking system, rigid and unforgiving, becomes a barrier rather than a bridge to economic opportunity. The story repeats itself across the Pacific islands. Families waiting anxiously for international transfers find themselves caught in a bureaucratic maze that seems designed to test their patience. A simple transaction initiated on a Saturday becomes a multi-day waiting game, with funds potentially arriving only on Tuesday of the following week. These aren't mere inconveniences; they're economic roadblocks that chip away at the financial hopes of entire communities. Enter Bitcoin – not just a cryptocurrency, but a potential lifeline for economies long marginalized by traditional financial systems. The digital currency represents more than just an alternative; it's a re-imagining of money itself. At its core, Bitcoin challenges the very foundations of how we understand financial exchange, offering a glimpse of hope for those left behind by conventional banking. Consider the fundamental roles of money – a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. Traditional currencies have long monopolized these functions, but they've done so with significant limitations. In the context of Pacific Island nations, these limitations become glaringly apparent. The Lightning Network, a technological marvel built atop Bitcoin, begins to dissolve these barriers. Imagine a fisherman in Fiji able to receive international payments instantly, without waiting days or paying exorbitant transfer fees. Imagine an artist in Samoa selling her work globally, receiving payment in real-time, without a bank account or credit check. The decentralized nature of Bitcoin offers something revolutionary – financial inclusion without gatekeepers. Where traditional banks demand proof of employment, Bitcoin requires only an internet connection and a digital wallet. It doesn't discriminate based on job status, credit history, or geographical location. For the young entrepreneur like Mele, this means a chance to participate in the global economy on her own terms. The technology goes beyond mere convenience. With a fixed supply of 21 million coins, Bitcoin provides a hedge against the economic volatility that often plagues small island nations. Local currencies can fluctuate wildly, eroding savings and economic stability. Bitcoin offers a digital alternative – a store of value that isn't subject to local economic whims or governmental monetary policies. This isn't to say the path is without challenges. The volatility of cryptocurrency is real, and technological access remains a concern. But the trajectory is promising. Smartphone penetration is increasing, internet infrastructure is improving, and the younger generations are increasingly tech-savvy. What once seemed like a distant digital dream is becoming an achievable economic reality. The implications extend far beyond simple transactions. We're talking about a fundamental re-imagining of financial sovereignty. For Pacific Island nations, Bitcoin represents more than an investment – it's a potential escape from economic marginalization. It's a technology that could transform waiting times from days to milliseconds, bank account requirements from impossible to accessible, and economic limitations from insurmountable to opportunity. As the world becomes increasingly digital, the Pacific Islands stand at a unique crossroads. They can either be left behind by traditional financial systems or leap forward with a technology that knows no borders. Bitcoin isn't just a currency – it's a promise of economic empowerment, a digital bridge connecting isolated communities to the global economy. The waves of change are rising, and they're powered by lines of code, not traditional banking ledgers. Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency investments carry risks. Always conduct thorough research and consult financial advisors before making investment decisions. In the midst of crystal-clear waters and lush tropical landscapes, the Pacific Island nations have long wrestled with a silent economic challenge that runs deeper than the ocean currents. Picture Mele, a young entrepreneur in Tonga, standing frustrated at her local bank branch. Despite her innovative business idea and determination, she faces an insurmountable first hurdle – the inability to open a bank account without formal proof of employment. The traditional banking system, rigid and unforgiving, becomes a barrier rather than a bridge to economic opportunity. The story repeats itself across the Pacific islands. Families waiting anxiously for international transfers find themselves caught in a bureaucratic maze that seems designed to test their patience. A simple transaction initiated on a Saturday becomes a multi-day waiting game, with funds potentially arriving only on Tuesday of the following week. These aren't mere inconveniences; they're economic roadblocks that chip away at the financial hopes of entire communities. Enter Bitcoin – not just a cryptocurrency, but a potential lifeline for economies long marginalized by traditional financial systems. The digital currency represents more than just an alternative; it's a re-imagining of money itself. At its core, Bitcoin challenges the very foundations of how we understand financial exchange, offering a glimpse of hope for those left behind by conventional banking. Consider the fundamental roles of money – a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. Traditional currencies have long monopolized these functions, but they've done so with significant limitations. In the context of Pacific Island nations, these limitations become glaringly apparent. The Lightning Network, a technological marvel built atop Bitcoin, begins to dissolve these barriers. Imagine a fisherman in Fiji able to receive international payments instantly, without waiting days or paying exorbitant transfer fees. Imagine an artist in Samoa selling her work globally, receiving payment in real-time, without a bank account or credit check. The decentralized nature of Bitcoin offers something revolutionary – financial inclusion without gatekeepers. Where traditional banks demand proof of employment, Bitcoin requires only an internet connection and a digital wallet. It doesn't discriminate based on job status, credit history, or geographical location. For the young entrepreneur like Mele, this means a chance to participate in the global economy on her own terms. The technology goes beyond mere convenience. With a fixed supply of 21 million coins, Bitcoin provides a hedge against the economic volatility that often plagues small island nations. Local currencies can fluctuate wildly, eroding savings and economic stability. Bitcoin offers a digital alternative – a store of value that isn't subject to local economic whims or governmental monetary policies. This isn't to say the path is without challenges. The volatility of cryptocurrency is real, and technological access remains a concern. But the trajectory is promising. Smartphone penetration is increasing, internet infrastructure is improving, and the younger generations are increasingly tech-savvy. What once seemed like a distant digital dream is becoming an achievable economic reality. The implications extend far beyond simple transactions. We're talking about a fundamental re-imagining of financial sovereignty. For Pacific Island nations, Bitcoin represents more than an investment – it's a potential escape from economic marginalization. It's a technology that could transform waiting times from days to milliseconds, bank account requirements from impossible to accessible, and economic limitations from insurmountable to opportunity. As the world becomes increasingly digital, the Pacific Islands stand at a unique crossroads. They can either be left behind by traditional financial systems or leap forward with a technology that knows no borders. Bitcoin isn't just a currency – it's a promise of economic empowerment, a digital bridge connecting isolated communities to the global economy. The waves of change are rising, and they're powered by lines of code, not traditional banking ledgers. Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency investments carry risks. Always conduct thorough research and consult financial advisors before making investment decisions. Disclaimer:

Bitcoin Stands to Solve the Financial Discrimination Pacific Islanders Face

Telegram: Crypto Island's Bridge to the Mainland

টেলিগ্রাম: ক্রিপ্টো দ্বীপের মূল ভূখণ্ডের সেতু

Telegram: Die Brücke der Kryptoinsel zum Festland

Telegram: el puente de Crypto Island hacia el continente

Télégramme : le pont de Crypto Island vers le continent

टेलीग्राम: क्रिप्टो द्वीप का मुख्य भूमि से पुल

Telegram: クリプト島と本土を結ぶ橋

텔레그램: 크립토 아일랜드에서 본토로 연결되는 다리

Telegram: a ponte da Crypto Island para o continente

Telegram: мост Крипто-острова на материк

Telegram: Kripto Adası'nın anakaraya olan köprüsü

Telegram: Cầu nối đảo Crypto vào đất liền

Telegram：加密岛通往大陆的桥梁

Welcome to the Startups of the Year Winner Interview Series. Congratulations for being one of the top 3000 startups worldwide! The HackerNoon team is thrilled to know more about you! What follows is an interview with Mark Zalan, CEO of GoMining, winner of the HackerNoon Startups of the Year 2023 in the British Virgin Islands Misc, Oceania. What does it mean for you to win this title? We are pleased and gratified at the recognition of our contributions. We are constantly looking for community feedback to improve our products, and this kind of appreciation helps make our efforts worthwhile. Winning the Hackernoon community recognition is a significant indicator for us that our team is moving in the right direction. Since our product targets a fairly broad audience, the trust of the audience and feedback help us better understand user needs, and Hackernoon provides the perfect environment for addressing this task. What sets you apart from the competition? We are focused on making the superior economics of Bitcoin mining accessible to everyone.  In building products that allow our users to start mining Bitcoin within a matter of minutes and at a cost as low as $25, we are unique. The explosive customer demand we’ve seen over the past 2 years is a confirmation of that. Check out our What do you love about your team, and why are you the ones to solve this problem? \We are irreverent around challenging every assumption and traditional way of doing things.  Obviously, this can be a strength and a weakness, and if not done right, can lead to reinventing the wheel.  However, we’ve managed to maintain a healthy balance between blazing new trails and inventing a new product (that hundreds of people told us couldn’t be done), making the economics of Bitcoin mining accessible to non-industry insiders and leveraging traditional approaches that we’ve confirmed are useful in what we are trying to do. This blend of questioning the way things are and inventing new and better ways while staying practical and leveraging that which works for purpose has allowed us to offer a successful product that is posting world-class growth rates. If you weren’t building your startup, what would you be doing? My other passions are history and political science, as well as understanding how our societies function and evolved to where we are today.  In another life I would likely be lecturing at a university and writing history books. At the moment, how do you measure success? What are your core metrics? We are seeing double-digit monthly growth rates while working hard to expand the business that is profitable, positioned in the middle of an industry that is projected for staggering worldwide growth.  All of the above are how we think about success and how we want to position our ecosystem to take advantage of the global and industry trends we see for the near future.  If I had to narrow it down to one metric, it is definitely the customer growth rate, which tells us we are tackling a significant pain-point that exists for a large number of people, in a way they appreciate. Tell us how your startup is changing the world. We make the excellent economics of Bitcoin mining available to regular people. Getting a financial return with Bitcoin mining traditionally required millions of dollars in capital and highly specialized technical skills (that also cost money to develop or hire).  We’ve built a product that obfuscates that complexity and allows customers to start participating in Bitcoin mining in minutes and with as little as $25, with the first profit landing in the customer’s Bitcoin wallet the very next morning.  By lowering the barriers to entry for normal people to earn rewards, while strengthening, securing the Bitcoin network infrastructure, we make our positive impact on the world. How do you or your company intend to embrace the responsibility of this title in 2024? We believe the best way to contribute and to give back is to do what we do best, continue to innovate, while lowering barriers to entry, and to be a good citizen of the Bitcoin and broader technology community. The recognition from users and the community serves as a driving force for our continued advancement and, as I mentioned earlier, provides vital feedback on the quality of our product. What goals are you looking forward to accomplishing in 2024? We expect 2024 to be transformational for us through a variety of factors. Firstly, the Bitcoin halving will impact our business and our vertical in a significant way.  The economics will change, and the market participants will change. We’ve been preparing for this event for the past three years ensuring our business is cost optimized and as efficient as possible, as we expect this will allow us and our user community to pass through the upcoming disruption, and to be best positioned to take advantage of the changing economics following the halving.  Secondly, our user community is scaling by orders of magnitude, and we place a major focus on ensuring our support and engagement processes are peerless in creating a world-class user experience. Which trend(s) are you most excited about in 2024? Share your reasons. 2024 Is a paradigm-shifting year for the Bitcoin mining community with the ETFs and the halving taking place within three months of each other.  We are very excited to see the ways in which our industry and the broader technology space will transform to take advantage of the changes. 2023 had been another crazy year, especially in tech, with layoffs and the Generative AI takeover! Which trend are you most concerned about? Be as brief or as detailed as you like. I wouldn’t say concerned, but we are very cognizant of the pace of change. It seems things are speeding up, paradigms are shifting quickly, changes that used to take decades now take years or sometimes months. The way the world became location-independent in the past four years is very illustrative of that. We expect changes of the same scale to happen as quickly or faster going forward, so it will be important to be diligent in always learning, looking for ways to do something better, and being flexible, adjusting to take advantage of new trends, technologies, and opportunities. We don’t know what specifically those will be, five years ago, hardly anyone would have said that remote work, generative AI or Bitcoin ETFs/general institutionalization would be a thing over the next 5 years, so we don’t think it's worthwhile to predict specifics. We do think it's important to understand that changes happen quickly. They bring threats and opportunities, and figuring it out is a fun and exciting part of it. Share your biggest success so far and/or your biggest failure so far. Building a career out of always learning, developing, and pushing myself into new pursuits, taking advantage of opportunities that may have scared others off, is probably the biggest success. In terms of failure, I certainly wish I was smarter along the way, and figured out many things faster than I did! :) We would love your feedback on HackerNoon as a tech publication! How has your experience been with us? HackerNoon is an excellent platform for showcasing our technological solutions to a wide and relevant community capable of providing objective feedback. We closely monitor all materials about our product appearing on Hackernoon and pay attention to UX moments that require improvement. In a broader sense, your platform is a great place to feel the pulse of Web3, track emerging trends, and receive important insights directly from where they originate. Any words of wisdom you’d like to share with us? Not wildly original here, but the advice I most want to pass on to my children is to enjoy the journey, whatever destination one travels. This is one of the things I wish I would have figured out sooner. Welcome to the Startups of the Year Winner Interview Series. Congratulations for being one of the top 3000 startups worldwide! The HackerNoon team is thrilled to know more about you! Welcome to the Startups of the Year Winner Interview Series. Congratulations for being one of the top 3000 startups worldwide! The HackerNoon team is thrilled to know more about you! Welcome to the Startups of the Year Winner Interview Series. Congratulations for being one of the top 3000 startups worldwide! The HackerNoon team is thrilled to know more about you! What follows is an interview with Mark Zalan, CEO of GoMining, winner of the HackerNoon Startups of the Year 2023 in the British Virgin Islands Misc, Oceania. What follows is an interview with Mark Zalan, CEO of GoMining , winner of the HackerNoon Startups of the Year 2023 in the British Virgin Islands Misc, Oceania . GoMining British Virgin Islands Misc, Oceania What does it mean for you to win this title? What does it mean for you to win this title? We are pleased and gratified at the recognition of our contributions. We are constantly looking for community feedback to improve our products, and this kind of appreciation helps make our efforts worthwhile. Winning the Hackernoon community recognition is a significant indicator for us that our team is moving in the right direction. Since our product targets a fairly broad audience, the trust of the audience and feedback help us better understand user needs, and Hackernoon provides the perfect environment for addressing this task. What sets you apart from the competition? We are focused on making the superior economics of Bitcoin mining accessible to everyone.  In building products that allow our users to start mining Bitcoin within a matter of minutes and at a cost as low as $25, we are unique. The explosive customer demand we’ve seen over the past 2 years is a confirmation of that. Check out our What do you love about your team, and why are you the ones to solve this problem? \We are irreverent around challenging every assumption and traditional way of doing things.  Obviously, this can be a strength and a weakness, and if not done right, can lead to reinventing the wheel.  However, we’ve managed to maintain a healthy balance between blazing new trails and inventing a new product (that hundreds of people told us couldn’t be done), making the economics of Bitcoin mining accessible to non-industry insiders and leveraging traditional approaches that we’ve confirmed are useful in what we are trying to do. This blend of questioning the way things are and inventing new and better ways while staying practical and leveraging that which works for purpose has allowed us to offer a successful product that is posting world-class growth rates. If you weren’t building your startup, what would you be doing? My other passions are history and political science, as well as understanding how our societies function and evolved to where we are today.  In another life I would likely be lecturing at a university and writing history books. At the moment, how do you measure success? What are your core metrics? We are seeing double-digit monthly growth rates while working hard to expand the business that is profitable, positioned in the middle of an industry that is projected for staggering worldwide growth.  All of the above are how we think about success and how we want to position our ecosystem to take advantage of the global and industry trends we see for the near future.  If I had to narrow it down to one metric, it is definitely the customer growth rate, which tells us we are tackling a significant pain-point that exists for a large number of people, in a way they appreciate. Tell us how your startup is changing the world. We make the excellent economics of Bitcoin mining available to regular people. Getting a financial return with Bitcoin mining traditionally required millions of dollars in capital and highly specialized technical skills (that also cost money to develop or hire).  We’ve built a product that obfuscates that complexity and allows customers to start participating in Bitcoin mining in minutes and with as little as $25, with the first profit landing in the customer’s Bitcoin wallet the very next morning.  By lowering the barriers to entry for normal people to earn rewards, while strengthening, securing the Bitcoin network infrastructure, we make our positive impact on the world. How do you or your company intend to embrace the responsibility of this title in 2024? We believe the best way to contribute and to give back is to do what we do best, continue to innovate, while lowering barriers to entry, and to be a good citizen of the Bitcoin and broader technology community. The recognition from users and the community serves as a driving force for our continued advancement and, as I mentioned earlier, provides vital feedback on the quality of our product. What goals are you looking forward to accomplishing in 2024? We expect 2024 to be transformational for us through a variety of factors. Firstly, the Bitcoin halving will impact our business and our vertical in a significant way.  The economics will change, and the market participants will change. We’ve been preparing for this event for the past three years ensuring our business is cost optimized and as efficient as possible, as we expect this will allow us and our user community to pass through the upcoming disruption, and to be best positioned to take advantage of the changing economics following the halving.  Secondly, our user community is scaling by orders of magnitude, and we place a major focus on ensuring our support and engagement processes are peerless in creating a world-class user experience. Which trend(s) are you most excited about in 2024? Share your reasons. 2024 Is a paradigm-shifting year for the Bitcoin mining community with the ETFs and the halving taking place within three months of each other.  We are very excited to see the ways in which our industry and the broader technology space will transform to take advantage of the changes. 2023 had been another crazy year, especially in tech, with layoffs and the Generative AI takeover! Which trend are you most concerned about? Be as brief or as detailed as you like. I wouldn’t say concerned, but we are very cognizant of the pace of change. It seems things are speeding up, paradigms are shifting quickly, changes that used to take decades now take years or sometimes months. The way the world became location-independent in the past four years is very illustrative of that. We expect changes of the same scale to happen as quickly or faster going forward, so it will be important to be diligent in always learning, looking for ways to do something better, and being flexible, adjusting to take advantage of new trends, technologies, and opportunities. We don’t know what specifically those will be, five years ago, hardly anyone would have said that remote work, generative AI or Bitcoin ETFs/general institutionalization would be a thing over the next 5 years, so we don’t think it's worthwhile to predict specifics. We do think it's important to understand that changes happen quickly. They bring threats and opportunities, and figuring it out is a fun and exciting part of it. Share your biggest success so far and/or your biggest failure so far. Building a career out of always learning, developing, and pushing myself into new pursuits, taking advantage of opportunities that may have scared others off, is probably the biggest success. In terms of failure, I certainly wish I was smarter along the way, and figured out many things faster than I did! :) We would love your feedback on HackerNoon as a tech publication! How has your experience been with us? HackerNoon is an excellent platform for showcasing our technological solutions to a wide and relevant community capable of providing objective feedback. We closely monitor all materials about our product appearing on Hackernoon and pay attention to UX moments that require improvement. In a broader sense, your platform is a great place to feel the pulse of Web3, track emerging trends, and receive important insights directly from where they originate. Any words of wisdom you’d like to share with us? Not wildly original here, but the advice I most want to pass on to my children is to enjoy the journey, whatever destination one travels. This is one of the things I wish I would have figured out sooner.

Meet GoMining: Winner of the Startups of the Year, British Virgin Islands 

Authors: (1) Gopal Yadav, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology & Chennai Mathematical Institute. Table of Links Abstract Acknowledgment PART I Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: SU(3) LECs from Type IIA String Theory Chapter 3: Deconfinement Phase Transition in Thermal QCD-Like Theories at Intermediate Coupling in the Absence and Presence of Rotation Chapter 4: Conclusion and Future Outlook PART II Chapter 5: Introduction Chapter 6: Page Curves of Reissner-Nordström Black Hole in HD Gravity Chapter 7: Entanglement Entropy and Page Curve from the M-Theory Dual of Thermal QCD Above Tc at Intermediate Coupling Chapter 8: Black Hole Islands in Multi-Event Horizon Space-Times Chapter 9: Multiverse in Karch-Randall Braneworld Chapter 10: Conclusion and Future outlook APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C Bibliography CHAPTER 8 - BLACK HOLE ISLANDS IN MULTI-EVENT HORIZON SPACE-TIMES 8.1 Introduction and Motivation The information paradox of black holes has been investigated for black holes that are asymptotically flat, however the most recent observation indicates that our universe is currently in an accelerated phase. Because of this, it is only natural to wonder how the presence of a positive value for the cosmological constant Λ influences the information paradox problem. The information paradox of a stationary black hole with a positive cosmological constant Λ or the Schwarzschild de-Sitter black hole spacetime is something that attracted our attention. The information paradox of Schwarzschild de-Sitter black holes is important due to the fact that these black holes originated during the early inflationary phase of our universe (for example, [210–213]). It additionally offers a fantastic toy model for the global framework of isolated black holes of our universe, which is quite useful while keeping in mind the current period of accelerated expansion. Additionally, similar to the situation with black holes, there are regions of de Sitter space that are causally separated from one another. Therefore, an observer is only able to access the portions of the cosmos that are constrained by their own horizon. There are two event horizons associated with the Schwarzschild de-Sitter black hole: the cosmological event horizon (CEH) and the black hole event horizon (BEH). The global causal border of the de Sitter spacetimes has been provided by the cosmological event horizon. In comparison to Λ ≤ 0 single horizon spacetime, the thermodynamics of these event horizons are distinct [214–216]. Gibbons-Hawking radiation is emitted and absorbed by cosmological event horizon similar to the Hawking radiation of black holes. Comparatively speaking, the entropy creation of the cosmic horizon is an observer-dependent characteristic, in contrast to the entropy generation of the black hole. It is caused by people’s lack of knowledge regarding the things that exist beyond the cosmological horizon. In order to obtain the Page curve of the Schwarzschild de-Sitter black hole, we make use of the island concept. In the case of models that are not holographic, we are able to use the s-wave approximation for studying black holes in higher dimensions. Because we neglect the angular component of the metric when performing the s-wave approximation, we are left with a CFT metric that only has two dimensions. Because of this, we are able to compute the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation using the formula for 2D CFT that is provided in [192, 193]. The entanglement entropy and complexity have been studied in [217–219] in the context of de-Sitter space. The purpose of this work was to investigate the information paradox and its resolution of black holes with multiple horizons. We considered the Schwarzschild de-Sitter black hole with two horizons and obtained the Page curves for the black hole and the de-Sitter patches by placing thermally opaque membranes on the two sides of the region of study. The “effect of temperature” on the Page curves and the scrambling time is something else that would be of interest to us. In this chapter, we will discuss the Page curve of black hole patch only. 8.2 Preliminary In this section, we will discuss the basics of Schwarzschild de-Sitter black hole, the concept of thermal opaque membrane and the effect of gravity near the aforementioned membrane in 8.2.1, 8.2.2, and 8.2.3 respectively. 8.2.1 Schwarzschild de-Sitter Black Hole The Schwarzschild de-Sitter (SdS) metric has the following form in spherical polar coordinates: and, where the Kruskal coordinates are: Therefore (8.7) and (8.8) do not have any coordinate singularities at r = rH and r = rC. It is not possible to remove the coordinate singularities of both event horizons simultaneously. Hence, we have to study the black hole patch by freezing the de-Sitter patch using thermal opaque membrane and vice-versa. 8.2.2 Thermal Opaque Membranes in SdS Space-Time The fact that the effective potential term disappears at both horizons and remains positive in between them is something that stands out as an interesting feature of the Schrödingerlike equation that was given before. Therefore, this bell-shaped potential acts as a barrier between the event horizons of the black hole and de-Sitter space. To be able to depict it in Penrose diagram of the extended Schwarzschild de-Sitter space-time, we will use (8.9) to describe the Kruskal timelike and spacelike coordinates as follows: implying Therefore, the line r =constant is a hyperbola linking i ±, and it is possible to draw it with regard to any of the Kruskal coordinates listed above. This appears in the Penrose diagram of the maximally extended SdS space-time. When we have put this hyperbola or the thermal opaque membrane, modes on each side of wall will be unable to pass through it and will continue to exist in their respective regions. A natural manifestation of this effective potential could be possible with the thermally opaque membrane. 8.2.3 Bulk Gravitational Effect Near Thermal Opaque Membranes In the context of this discussion, we are interested in the bulk gravitational influence on thermally opaque membranes. Using the island formula, the authors of [229, 230] studied the information paradox of pure de-Sitter space, evaporating and eternal black holes in the weak gravity domain. These setups do not include an exterior bath and the authors included an anchor curve that produces both an interior and an exterior. The island formula can be applied despite the fact that gravity is extremely weak on the exterior region. We suggest that we may think of an “anchor curve” going through the locations b ± 1,2 within our setup also where we have specified the boundaries of radiation regions in Figs. 8.1 and 8.2. Our justification is based on [229,230]. The interior and exterior in our setup are marked by these “anchor curves”. The “thermal opaque membrane” is being able of blocking the radiation coming from the region, that is not relevant to our research in any way. Therefore, the applicability of the island formula to our situation can only be considered notional at this point. The information paradox that arises from black holes in multi-event horizon spacetime can be solved using this approach. Considering the membrane that was discussed before is located at a significant distance from the region affected by the black hole, it is reasonable to suppose that the gravitational effects around these membranes is insufficiently strong. As a result, 2 CFT formulas can be utilized to determine the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation. We have discussed another approach to get the Page curve of Schwarzschild deSitter black hole in chapter 9 using wedge holography. D 8.3 Black Hole Islands in Schwarzschild de-Sitter Black Hole The conformal factor and Kruskal coordinates, both of which exist in (8.13), are defined as follows: It has been calculated that thermal entropy of the black hole is: 8.3.1 No Island Phase In this case, the region of interest for the black hole patch is the area that is completely encompassed by the thermally opaque membrane on both sides in the C and L domains. Without island surface, we were able to calculate the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation by utilizing the two-dimensional CFT formula that is given below [192, 193]: By utilizing (8.14), (8.5) and (8.17), we are able to simplify the equation (8.16). The form in its refined version is written as follows: The above equation has a significant physical meaning that it predicts that there is going to be a limitless quantity of Hawking radiation due to its linear time dependence upon entanglement entropy. This is in contrast to the fact that the Page curve of an eternal black hole predicts that there will only be a finite amount of Hawking radiation [132]. 8.3.2 Island Phase Taking into account the island surface as part of the setup, we will now calculate the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation. With inclusion of the island surface, the entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation can be determined using the formula [192, 193], which is the matter component of the generalized entropy (5.11). Simplifying the expression for the matter contribution to the generalized entropy (5.11) from the radiation and island regions by utilizing (8.13), and (8.17). We obtained: As a result, the area of the boundary of the island surface and the matter component (8.22) are added together to generate the generalized entropy (5.11): The previous equation has the following solution: Using the above equation, we can determine that the island exists at the following location: Since the second component in the above equation has a negative sign in front of it, the island must be found inside the black hole horizon. We have showed in the Penrose diagram where islands are beyond the black hole event horizon, but we have found that it lies within the horizon itself. Substituting a1 from (8.28) into the definition of generalized entropy yields: Because of this, we may deduce that the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation remains constant when the island is incorporated into the black hole’s interior and is thus equal to twice the black hole’s thermal entropy (to leading order in G ). N Hawking radiation’s entanglement entropy without the island surface is equivalent to its entanglement entropy with the island surface present at a point in time called “Page time” as discussed in chapter 6. By equating (8.19) and (8.29), we obtained the Page time as given below: Page time: : The scrambling time is discussed in detail in chapter 6. For the black hole patch in Schwarzschild de-Sitter black hole, scrambling time can be obtained using the following equation: Scrambling time From (8.5) and (8.28), the black hole patch’s scrambling time is therefore obtained as: 8.3.3 Page Curves The black hole patch Page curves are now obtained using the results of 8.3.1 and 8.3.2. (8.19) and (8.29) are the key equations. When we incorporate the island surface, the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation changes from a time-dependent function of entanglement entropy to a constant value of (2S BEH th ) (8.29). As a result, if we plot all of these contributions together, we get the Page curves of eternal black holes that are in accord with their unitary evolution. From the use of (8.2), (8.3), (8.19) and (8.29), we obtained the Page curves for black hole patch when Q = GN = 1, 3M √ Λ = 0.4 (green) and 3M √ Λ = 0.5 (magenta), shown in Fig. 8.3. As the mass of the black hole grows (as shown in 8.3), the Page curves move later in time. As a result, information recovered from large black holes takes much more time than that from smaller black holes. This finding can also be interpreted in terms of the temperature of black holes. Information can be recovered faster from black holes with higher temperatures than from those with lower temperatures because the black hole temperature is inversely related to black hole mass. To rephrase, island emerges earlier for the black holes with higher temperatures compared to the black holes with lower temperature. 8.4 Information Problem in SdS Black Hole as a Whole 8.5 Conclusion Using the Island concept, we have investigated the information paradox that is associated with the black hole patch in the Schwarzschild-deSitter black hole spacetime. On both sides of the black hole patch, we used thermally opaque membranes to create an isolation barrier between the black hole and the de-Sitter patches, and vice versa. We calculated the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation without and with the inclusion of an island surface and found that, as is typical, the entanglement entropy has a linear time dependency as long as there isn’t an island surface, but it turns into constant value when there is an island surface present. As a result, we are able to produce the Page curve in a manner that accords with the unitary evolution of the black holes. In this particular instance, the island can be found inside the horizon of the black hole, in contrast to the universal finding, which states that the island must be found outside the horizon of the black hole in the case of eternal black holes [197]. Our results are likewise comparable to those presented in [235], in which the researchers calculated the Page curve of a one-sided asymptotically flat black hole and found that the island lies within the horizon of the black hole. In addition, we have investigated the “effect of temperature” on the Page curves depicted by the black hole patch. We noticed that as the temperature of the black hole patch rose, a shift toward later times occurred in the Page curves. When compared to the black hole patch with the greater temperature, the one with the lower temperature will take a significantly longer amount of time to send the information to the observer. This suggests that the island of the black hole patch doesn’t make its appearance until much later for the black hole patch with the lower temperature, but the island makes its debut much sooner for the black hole patch with the higher temperature. We are able to begin the process of recovering the information that was flung into the black holes horizon as soon as an island surface enters into the picture [194, 195]. As a result, we get to the conclusion that the temperature of both event horizons has a role in determining the “dominance of islands” and the “scrambling time”. This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Black Hole Islands in Multi-Event Horizon Space-Times

The Noonification: Gravity Islands and the Multiverse (2/22/2024)

Authors: (1) Gopal Yadav, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology & Chennai Mathematical Institute. Table of Links Abstract Acknowledgment PART I Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: SU(3) LECs from Type IIA String Theory Chapter 3: Deconfinement Phase Transition in Thermal QCD-Like Theories at Intermediate Coupling in the Absence and Presence of Rotation Chapter 4: Conclusion and Future Outlook PART II Chapter 5: Introduction Chapter 6: Page Curves of Reissner-Nordström Black Hole in HD Gravity Chapter 7: Entanglement Entropy and Page Curve from the M-Theory Dual of Thermal QCD Above Tc at Intermediate Coupling Chapter 8: Black Hole Islands in Multi-Event Horizon Space-Times Chapter 9: Multiverse in Karch-Randall Braneworld Chapter 10: Conclusion and Future outlook APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C Bibliography Part-II (HD) Gravity Islands, and Multiverse “God does not play dice.” - Albert Einstein “God not only plays dice, he sometimes throws the dice where they cannot be seen.” - Stephen Hawking “If God throws dice where they cannot be seen, they cannot affect us.” - Don Page CHAPTER 5 - INTRODUCTION In this chapter, we present the introduction of the materials needed to understand the information paradox and its resolution from holography. We start with the discussion on entanglement entropy in section 5.1, we discuss the information paradox and the Page curve in section 5.2 and finally we discuss the resolution of the information paradox in 5.3 from the island proposal, doubly holographic setup and wedge holography in 5.3.1, 5.3.2 and 5.3.3 respectively 5.1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy: Ryu-Takayanagi and Dong’s Proposals Let us first discuss the entanglement entropy in quantum mechanical system. Let us consider a system whose state is denoted by |ψ⟩. The density matrix of the system is defined as: Entanglement Entropy in Quantum Mechanics (QM): Entanglement entropy is measured by the von-Neumann entropy. For this, first we have to partition the system into two subsystems A and B. States in the subsystems A and B are denoted by |ψ⟩A and |ψ⟩B such that |ψ⟩ = |ψ⟩AB = |ψ⟩A ⊗ |ψ⟩B . Reduced density matrix of the subsystem A is obtained by tracing over the degrees of freedom of the subsystem B and vice-versa. Now, the von-Neumann entropy is defined as: It is not easy to compute the entanglement entropy in quantum field theories (QFTs) by factoring the system into subsystems because factorization is not always possible in QFTs. Entanglement entropy in QFT is calculated using the replica trick. First, let us define the Renyi entropy: Entanglement Entropy in Quantum Field Theory (QFT): • We need to find out a co-dimension two surface (ϵA) in the bulk Md+1 which is anchored on ∂A. • There is possibility of many surfaces but we have to consider the one which satisfy the homology constraint, i.e., ϵA is smoothly retractable to the boundary region A. • Out of those surfaces which satisfy homology constraint, we need to pick the one with the minimal area then the entanglement entropy is defined as: The Ryu-Takayangi formula has certain limitation, it is applicable to the the timeindependent backgrounds. For the time dependent background, one is required to use the HRT formula [125] where HRT stands for Hubney, Rangamani and Takayanagi. Quantum corrections to all order in ℏ to the Ryu-Takayanagi formula was incorporated in [126] where one is required to extremize the generalised entropy. Surfaces which extremize the generalised entropy are known as quantum extremal surfaces(QES). If there are more than one quantum extremal surfaces then we need to consider the one with minimal area. In [6], authors generalised the QES prescription to island surfaces where we are required to extremize the generalised entropy like functional which includes contribution from the island surfaces. In this case, extremal surfaces are known as quantum extremal islands. Since, in this thesis, we are confining ourselves to the time independent backgrounds and therefore we will not discuss the HRT formula. • Let us label the each term as αth term after getting the final expression of the second term which is obtained from the differentiation of Lagrangian with respect to Riemann tensor twice. • We need to perform the following transformations on certain components of the Riemann tensors: The reason for discussing these proposals is that when we compute the Page curve of black holes in doubly holographic setup and wedge holography then these proposals will be useful. The holographic entanglement entropy has also been computed from the holographic stress tensor and surface terms in [128] and [129] respectively. 5.2 Hawking’s Information Paradox and Page Curve Hawking’s black hole information paradox is a long-time puzzle that started with his papers [130, 131]. When matter collapses to form a black hole, the whole matter is stored in the singularity. The horizon of the black hole covers the black hole singularity. Initially, the system is in a pure state. Hawking studied the creation of particles in pairs with negative and positive energy in the presence of quantum effects, and he found that a particle with negative energy gets trapped inside the black hole, whereas the particle with positive energy scattered off to infinity is what we receive in Hawking radiation. We can get the radiation from the black hole due to quantum mechanics, which allows the possibility of quantum tunneling through a potential barrier. In the case of a black hole, the horizon acts as the potential barrier. Hawking calculated the spectrum of the particles coming out of the black hole and found that the spectrum behaves as the spectrum of thermal radiation with a temperature known as Hawking temperature, which implies a mixed state. This means that the black hole evolves from the pure state to the mixed state, and hence unitary evolution of quantum mechanics is not preserved. This leads to the famous “information paradox”. Page suggested that when we include the quantum effects, then the black hole must follow the unitary evolution [132]. If we consider the black hole and radiation region as a single system, then one should get the Page curve to resolve the paradox. For the evaporating black hole, entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation first increases linearly with time up to the Page time and then falls back to zero [132]. We are interested in eternal black holes, and for these black hoes, instead of falling to zero of the entanglement entropy, one obtains the constant entanglement entropy after the Page time, and this constant value is equal to the twice the thermal entropy of the black holes. In this part of the thesis, we focus on getting the Page curve of eternal black holes using the recent proposals given in the literature, e.g., island proposal, doubly holographic setup, and wedge holography. Apart from getting the Page curve, we have also obtained other exciting results, which are discussed in the upcoming chapters. 5.3 Resolution of Information Paradox from Holography Following three proposals are available in the literature which started with the idea of holography to resolve the black hole information paradox. 5.3.1 Island Proposal and its Extension to HD Gravity Authors in [6] proposed a method to resolve the information paradox which is equivalent to getting the Page curve. Idea is that at early times we get only contribution from the radiation region which gives the divergent part of entanglement entropy at late times because the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation turns out to be proportional to the time. According to [6] at early times situation remains the same whereas at late times interior of the black holes becomes part of the entanglement wedge and hence at late times entanglement entropy receives the contributions from the radiation as well as interior of the black holes. The part of the interior the black holes which contributes to the entanglement entropy is known as “island”. Island rule was proposed from a setup where we couple the evaporating JT(Jackiw Teitelboim) black hole plus conformal matter on the Planck brane with the two-dimensional CFT bath [6]. The black hole is contained on the Planck brane, and the Hawking radiation is collected in the 2D conformal bath. This setup has the following three descriptions. The Planck brane is coupled to the external CFT bath, which acts as the sink for the Hawking radiation. • 2D-Gravity: Two-dimensional conformal field theory has the three-dimensional gravity dual with metric AdS3 via AdS/CFT correspondence. • 3D-Gravity: The boundary of the external CFT bath is one dimensional where quantum mechanics (QM) is present. • QM: The island formula was derived from the gravitational path integral using the replica trick for special JT black holes in [133, 134]. The authors obtained the Page curve from the disconnected and connected saddles. One obtains the linear time dependence in the Page curve from the disconnected saddles, whereas connected saddles produce the finite part of the Page curve. The discussion of [133] holds for the replica wormholes with boundary as well. The generalised entropy in the presence of island surface is written as follows: n where R, GN and I are representing the radiation region, Newton constant and the island surface. Equation (5.11) contains two terms: island surface’s area and the matter contribution from the radiation and island regions. From (5.11), we can easily see that when island surface is absent then S (r) = S r(R). It has been shown in the literature that island surface emerges at late times and hence initially one obtains the linear time dependence in the Page curve and at late times, when island surface’s contribution dominates then one obtains the fall of the entanglement entropy for the evaporating black holes whereas constant part (twice of their thermal entropies) for the eternal black holes. Hence, when we include these contributions, we obtain the Page curve. If there are more than one island surfaces then we have to consider the one with the minimal area. We have followed this proposal to obtain the Page curve of Schwarzschild de-Sitter black hole in [12] and discussed in detail in the chapter 8 of this thesis. See [135–137] for the application of island proposal in the context of JT gravity and other issues [138–140]. gen matte Island proposal was extended for higher derivative gravity in [141]. The proposal is exactly similar to [6] but we have to replace the first term of (5.11) by the term which can give the information about the entanglement entropy of higher derivative gravity and the formula for the same was proposed by X. Dong in [127] and hence the island proposal in the presence of higher derivative terms in the gravitational action is written as [141] where Smatter is the same as the S (R ∪ I) of (5.11) and S will be calculated using the Dong’s formula [127]. For the AdSd+1/CF Td correspondence the Dong’s formulas is given below[1]. matter gravity where 5.3.2 Doubly Holographic Setup The doubly holographic setup is a nice setup to calculate the Page curve of black holes. As its name suggests, it is the double copy of the usual holography proposed by J. Maldacena. First, we need to take the bulk and truncate the geometry along one of the spatial coordinates [142, 143]. By doing so, one generates d-dimensional geometry embedded in the (d + 1)- dimensional bulk. The d-dimensional geometry is known as end-of-the-world brane or KarchRandall brane in the literature, and this holography is called “braneworld holography”. The doubly holographic setup is obtained by joining the two copies of the Karch-Randall model. The setup consists of an eternal black hole living on the brane and two baths where we can collect the Hawking radiation. These two baths behave as thermofield double states because these are like two copies of the boundary conformal field theory (BCFT). Let us discuss the double holography in the context of AdS correspondence using a bottom-up approach, and the setup is shown in figure 5.1. d+1/BCFTd The doubly holographic setup has the three descriptions summarised below. -dimensional BCFT at the conformal boundary of the bulk AdS . The boundary of is the ( ) dimensional defect. • Boundary description: d d+1 BCFTd d − 1 Gravity on the end-of-the-world brane is coupled to BCFT via transparent boundary condition at the defect. • Intermediate description: The holographic dual of is spacetime. • Bulk description: BCFTd AdSd+1 The intermediate description is very crucial to resolving the information paradox. Because in this description black hole living on the end-of-the-world brane directly couples with the external CFT bath. Define S(R) as the von Neumann entropy of the subregion R on a constant time slice in description 1. One can obtain the S(R) in second description from the island rule [6]: where generalised entropy functional (S (R ∪ I)) is [126]: gen A doubly holographic setup is advantageous in the sense that we can obtain very easily using the classical Ryu-Takayanagi formula [107]. When bulk is (d + 1) dimensional then [107]: S(R) where γ is the minimal co-dimension of two surface in bulk. In figure 5.1, there are two BCFTs on the conformal boundary of the bulk. The vertical line is the end-of-the-world brane which contains the black hole. The CFT bath collects the Hawking radiation emitted by the black hole. This setup has two possible extremal surfaces: Hartman-Maldacena [144] and island surfaces. The Hartman-Maldacena surface connects the two BCFTs; it starts at the CFT bath, crosses the horizons, reaches up to the turning point, and then meets the thermofield double partner of BCFT. The entanglement entropy is divergent at late times for the Hartman-Maldacena surface, which implies Hawking’s information paradox. The island surface starts at the external CFT bath and lands on the end-of-the-world brane. The island surface’s entanglement entropy turns out to be a constant value (twice of thermal entropy of the black hole). Therefore, one recovers the Page curve by combining the contributions of the entanglement entropies of both these extremal surfaces. See [7, 145–161] for the extensive literature on the doubly holographic setup. Some authors found that gravity is massive on the end-of-the-world brane [162–165] when we couple the brane to the external CFT bath. In some papers, it was shown by the authors that we could construct the doubly holographic setup with massless gravity on the brane [11, 154, 166, 167]. We constructed the doubly holographic setup from a top-down approach in [11] and details are given in chapter 7. We have a non-conformal bath (QCD2+1) and the holographic dual is M theory inclusive of O(R4 ) corrections [1]. The reason for the existence of massless graviton in our setup is that we required the wave function of the graviton to be normalized, the second reason is due to the Dirichlet boundary condition on the wave function of the graviton, and the third reason is that end-of-the-world brane had non-zero tension and hence localization of graviton is possible on the brane in a “volcano”- like potential. We obtained the Page curve with massless gravity in our setup, which was impossible in other doubly holographic setups without the DGP term. One alternate method to deduce the massless gravity on the brane is to include the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) term [168] on the brane [166].5.3.3 Wedge Holography 5.3.3 Wedge Holography In the doubly holographic setup, the external bath is a fixed CFT bath. In some of the papers, it was found that gravity is massive on the end-of-the-world brane and island prescription is not valid in the masssless gravity. Some of the authors considered the bath as gravitating too [8, 9, 162, 169]. This setup is known as wedge holography in the literature. It was also argued that in wedge holography, Hartman-Maldacena surface does not exist and hence no Page curve in wedge holography. In [13], we showed that entanglement entropy of HartmanMaldacena surface is non-zero for the AdS and Schwarzschild black hole and it is zero for the de-Sitter black hole. This implies that one could get the Page curve for the AdS and Schwarzschild black hole but not for the de-Sitter space using wedge holography. See Fig.5.2 for the pictorial description of the wedge holography. One can get the Page curve or not in wedge holography is a debatable topic. Some progress in this direction has been made in [166]. It was shown by the author that we can get the Page curve with massless gravity localize on the Karch-Randall brane provided we have to include the DGP term on the Karch-Randall brane, see [170, 171] for the detailed analysis with examples. Take into consideration the following action, [8, 9, 169], to describe the mathematical description of wedge holography: The above equation has the following solution [9]: Similar to the double holography, wedge holography has also the three descriptions: BCF Td on the conformal boundary of the bulk with the ( ) dimensional defect. • Boundary description: AdSd+1 d − 1 two gravitating systems are connected with each other via the transparent boundary condition at the defect. • Intermediate description: the holographic dual of is classical gravity spacetime. • Bulk description: BCFTd AdSd+1 The wedge holographic dictionary for the ( + 1)- dimensional bulk is stated as: . Therefore it is a co-dimension two holography. Now let us understand the how this duality exists. d holographic dual of the (d−1)-dimensional defect conformal field theory is the classical gravity in (d+1)- dimensions Braneworld holography [142,143] relates first and second line whereas AdS/CFT correspondence [17] between the dynamical gravity on the Karch-Randall brane and defect CFT connects second and third line. Therefore, ( + 1) Wedge holography helps us in getting the Page curve of the black holes similar to doubly holographic setup discussed in 5.3.2. One is required to compute the entanglement entropies of Hartman-Maldacena and island surfaces and plot of these entropies with time will give the Page curve. classical gravity in d bulk is dual to CFTd−1 at the defect. [1] We have already written the formula in (5.1), here we are writing the covariant form of (5.1). In this formula, a and i, j represents the tangential and normal directions. This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Gravity Islands and the Multiverse

গ্র্যাভিটি দ্বীপপুঞ্জ এবং মাল্টিভার্স

Schwerkraftinseln und das Multiversum

Islas de gravedad y el multiverso

Îles de gravité et multivers

ग्रेविटी द्वीप और मल्टीवर्स

重力諸島と多元宇宙

중력섬과 다중우주

Ilhas Gravitacionais e o Multiverso

Гравитационные острова и Мультивселенная

Yerçekimi Adaları ve Çoklu Evren

Quần đảo trọng lực và đa vũ trụ

重力岛和多元宇宙

The United States v Meta Platforms Court Filing October 24, 2023 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 94 of 100. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here COUNT XLIX: VIOLATIONS OF RHODE ISLAND DECEPTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT, R.I. GEN. L. §§ 6-13.1-1 TO 6-13.1-10 1133. The State of Rhode Island incorporates and realleges each of the paragraphs 1 through 850 as if fully set forth herein. 1134. The Rhode Island Deceptive Trade Practices Act (RI DTPA) makes unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce unlawful. R.I. Gen. Laws § 6-13.1-2. 1135. The RI DTPA defines “unfair methods of competition and unfair and deceptive acts or practices” as, among other things, “conduct that . . . creates a likelihood of confusion or of misunderstanding,” “any other methods, acts, or practices that mislead or deceive members of the public in a material respect,” and “any act or practice that is unfair or deceptive to the consumer.” R.I. Gen. Laws § 6-13.1-1(6)(xii), (xiv), (xiii). 1136. Any person, firm, or corporation who violates the RI DTPA is liable for a civil penalty up to $10,000 for each violation. R.I. Gen. Laws § 6-13.1-8. 1137. Meta’s acts or practices enumerated in the foregoing paragraphs have been in the conduct of trade or commerce, directly or indirectly, in Rhode Island. 1138. As alleged herein, Meta made representations including that Meta’s Social Media Platforms are not designed to harm young users or to induce compulsive use, that Meta’s Social Media Platforms are less addictive than they actually are, that the incidence of negative user experiences was lower than it actually was, that Meta was not prioritizing profit maximization over young users’ well-being when it was, that Meta effectively excluded under-13 users when its safeguards were insufficient, that Meta complied with federal laws and regulations related to the exclusion of under-13 users when it did not, and that Meta did not collect user data for the purpose of causing addiction to its Social Media Platforms when it had such a purpose. These representations constitute conduct that creates a likelihood of confusion or misunderstanding and that deceive and mislead members of the public regarding Meta’s Social Media Platforms. R.I. Gen. Laws § 6-13.1-1(6)(xii), (xiii), (xiv). 1139. Similarly, as alleged herein, Meta is engaging in unfair acts to consumers, including implementing psychologically manipulative, engagement-inducing features that harm consumers and targeting young users despite knowing their specific vulnerability to compulsive and unhealthy platform use. These unfair acts constitute conduct that is especially unfair to younger users. R.I. Gen. Laws § 6-13.1-1(6)(xiii). 1140. Meta’s acts or practices, both past and continuing, are immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, and substantially injurious to Rhode Island consumers. Pursuant to R.I. Gen. Laws § 6-13.1-2 and § 6-13.1-5, the acts, practices, representations, and omissions of Meta described herein are unlawful, violate the prohibition against unfair or deceptive acts or practices found in RI DTPA, and restraint of these practices is in the public interest. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 4:23-cv-05448 retrieved on October 25, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. Washingtonpost.com Lead image by Dima Solomin on Unsplash

Meta Accused of Violating Rhode Island Deceptive Trade Practices Act

FTC v. Amazon Court Filing, retrieved on Sep 26, 2023, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 78 of 80. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here COUNT XIX: VIOLATIONS OF RHODE ISLAND LAW 557. Plaintiff State of Rhode Island repeats and re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every preceding paragraph and allegation in the Complaint as if fully set forth herein. 558. Amazon’s actions as alleged herein violate the Rhode Island Antitrust Act, R.I. Gen. Laws § 6-36-1, et seq. 559. Plaintiff State of Rhode Island seeks all remedies available under the Rhode Island Antitrust Act, R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 6-36-10, 6-36-11 and 6-36-12 and seeks relief, including but not limited to injunctive relief, equitable monetary relief, fees, costs, and such other relief as this Court deems just and equitable. 560. Amazon’s actions as alleged herein constitute unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices as defined in the Rhode Island Deceptive Trade Practices Act, R.I. Gen. Laws § 6-13.3-1, et seq. 561. The State of Rhode Island brings this action pursuant to R.I. Gen. Laws § 6-13.1- 5, and seeks relief, including but not limited to injunctive relief, equitable monetary relief, fees, costs, and such other relief as this Court deems just and equitable. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 2:23-cv-01495 retrieved on October 2, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. ftc.gov

Rhode Island Takes Legal Action Against Amazon for Unfair Trade Practices 

Return to Pleasure Island by Cory Doctorow is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! : Return to Pleasure Island Title : Cory Doctorow Author : November 20, 2005 [eBook #17027] Most recently updated: December 12, 2020 Release date : English Language TABLE OF LINKS Return to Pleasure Island About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Cory Doctorow (2005). Return to Pleasure Island. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022* https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/620/pg620-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Return to Pleasure Island by Cory Doctorow - Table of Links

Return to Pleasure Island

A Floating City and The Blockade Runners by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Sullivan Island channel here SULLIVAN ISLAND CHANNEL. Two days after the meeting with the “Iroquois,” the “Dolphin” found herself abreast of the Bermudas, where she was assailed by a violent squall. These isles are frequently visited by hurricanes, and are celebrated for shipwrecks. It is here that Shakspeare has placed the exciting scene of his drama, “The Tempest,” in which Ariel and Caliban dispute for the empire of the floods. The squall was frightful; James Playfair thought once of running for one of the Bermudas, where the English had a military post: it would have been a sad waste of time, and therefore especially to be regretted; happily the “Dolphin” behaved herself wonderfully well in the storm, and after flying a whole day before the tempest, she was able to resume her course towards the American coast. But if James Playfair had been pleased with his ship, he had not been less delighted with the young girl’s bravery; Miss Halliburtt had passed the worst hours of the storm at his side, and James knew that a profound, imperious, irresistible love had taken possession of his whole being. “Yes,” said he, “this brave girl is mistress on board; she turns me like the sea a ship in distress—I feel that I am foundering! What will Uncle Vincent say? Ah! poor nature, I am sure that if Jenny asked me to throw all this cursed cargo into the sea, I should do it without hesitating, for love of her.” Happily for the firm of Playfair and Co., Miss Halliburtt did not demand this sacrifice; nevertheless, the poor Captain had been taken captive, and Crockston, who read his heart like an open book, rubbed his hands gleefully. “We will hold him fast!” he muttered to himself, “and before a week has passed my master will be quietly installed in one of the best cabins of the ‘Dolphin.’” As for Miss Jenny, did she perceive the feelings which she inspired? did she allow herself to share them? No one could say, and James Playfair least of all; the young girl kept a perfect reserve, and her secret remained deeply buried in her heart. But whilst love was making such progress in the heart of the young Captain, the “Dolphin” sped with no less rapidity towards Charleston. On the 13th of January, the watch signalled land ten miles to the west. It was a low-lying coast, and almost blended with the line of the sea in the distance. Crockston was examining the horizon attentively, and about nine o’clock in the morning he cried,— “Charleston lighthouse!” Now that the bearings of the “Dolphin” were set, James Playfair had but one thing to do, to decide by which channel he would run into Charleston Bay. “If we meet with no obstacles,” said he, “before three o’clock we shall be in safety in the docks of the port.” The town of Charleston is situated on the banks of an estuary seven miles long and two broad, called Charleston Harbour, the entrance to which is rather difficult. It is enclosed between Morris Island on the south, and Sullivan Island on the north. At the time when the “Dolphin” attempted to force the blockade Morris Island already belonged to the Federal troops, and General Gillmore had caused batteries to be erected overlooking the harbour. Sullivan Island, on the contrary, was in the hands of the Confederates, who were also in possession of Moultrie Fort, situated at the extremity of the island; therefore it would be advantageous to the “Dolphin” to go as close as possible to the northern shores to avoid the firing from the forts on Morris Island. Five channels led into the estuary, Sullivan Island Channel, the Northern Channel, the Overall Channel, the Principal Channel, and lastly, the Lawford Channel; but it was useless for strangers, unless they had skilful pilots on board, or ships drawing less than seven feet of water to attempt this last; as for Northern and Overall Channels, they were in range of the Federalist batteries, so that it was no good thinking of them. If James Playfair could have had his choice, he would have taken his steamer through the Principal Channel, which was the best, and the bearings of which were easy to follow; but it was necessary to yield to circumstances, and to decide according to the event. Besides, the Captain of the “Dolphin” knew perfectly all the secrets of this bay, its dangers, the depths of its water at low tide, and its currents, so that he was able to steer his ship with the greatest safety as soon as he entered one of these narrow straits. The great question was to get there. Now this work demanded an experienced seaman, and one who knew exactly the qualities of the “Dolphin.” In fact two Federal frigates were now cruising in the Charleston waters. Mr. Mathew soon drew James Playfair’s attention to them. “They are preparing to ask us what we want on these shores,” said he. “Ah, well! we won’t answer them,” replied the Captain, “and they will not get their curiosity satisfied.” In the meanwhile the cruisers were coming on full steam towards the “Dolphin,” who continued her course, taking care to keep out of range of their guns. But in order to gain time James Playfair made for the south-west, wishing to put the enemies’ ships off their guard; the latter must have thought that the “Dolphin” intended to make for Morris Island Channel. Now there they had batteries and guns, a single shot from which would have been enough to sink the English ship; so the Federals allowed the “Dolphin” to run towards the south-west, contenting themselves by observing her without following closely. Thus for an hour the respective situations of the ships did not change, for James Playfair, wishing to deceive the cruisers as to the course of the “Dolphin,” had caused the fires to be moderated, so that the speed was decreased. However, from the thick volumes of smoke which escaped from the chimneys, it might have been thought that he was trying to get his maximum pressure, and, consequently, his maximum of rapidity. “They will be slightly astonished presently,” said James Playfair, “when they see us slip through their fingers!” In fact, when the Captain saw that he was near enough to Morris Island, and before a line of guns, the range of which he did not know, he turned his rudder quickly, and the ship resumed her northerly course, leaving the cruisers two miles to windward of her; the latter seeing this manœuvre understood the steamer’s object, and began to pursue her in earnest, but it was too late. The “Dolphin” doubled her speed under the action of the screws, and distanced them rapidly. Going nearer to the coast, a few shell were sent after her as an acquittal of conscience, but the Federals were outdone, for their projectiles did not reach half way. At eleven o’clock in the morning, the steamer ranging near Sullivan Island, thanks to her small draft, entered the narrow strait full steam; there she was in safety, for no Federalist cruiser dared follow her in this channel, the depth of which, on an average, was only eleven feet at low tide. “How?” cried Crockston, “and is that the only difficulty?” “Oh! oh! Master Crockston,” said James Playfair, “the difficulty is not in entering, but in getting out again.” “Nonsense!” replied the American, “that does not make me at all uneasy; with a boat like the ‘Dolphin’ and a Captain like Mr. James Playfair, one can go where one likes, and come out in the same manner.” Nevertheless, James Playfair, with telescope in his hand, was attentively examining the route to be followed. He had before him excellent coasting guides, with which he could go ahead without any difficulty or hesitation. Once his ship was safely in the narrow channel which runs the length of Sullivan Island, James steered bearing towards the middle of Fort Moultrie as far as the Pinckney Castle, situated on the isolated island of Shute’s Folly; on the other side rose Fort Johnson, a little way to the north of Fort Sumter. At this moment the steamer was saluted by some shot which did not reach her, from the batteries on Morris Island. She continued her course without any deviation, passed before Moultrieville, situated at the extremity of Sullivan Island, and entered the bay. Soon Fort Sumter on the left protected her from the batteries of the Federalists. This fort, so celebrated in the civil war, is situated three miles and a half from Charleston, and about a mile from each side of the bay: it is nearly pentagonal in form, built on an artificial island of Massachusetts granite, it took ten years to construct and cost more than 900,000 dollars. It was from this fort, on the 13th of April, 1861, that Anderson and the Federal troops were driven, and it was against it that the first shot of the Confederates was fired. It is impossible to estimate the quantity of iron and lead which the Federals showered down upon it. However, it resisted for almost three years, but a few months after the passage of the “Dolphin,” it fell beneath General Gillmore’s three hundred-pounders on Morris Island. But at this time it was in all its strength, and the Confederate flag floated proudly above it. Once past the fort the town of Charleston appeared lying between Ashley and Cooper rivers. James Playfair threaded his way through the buoys which mark the entrance of the channel, leaving behind the Charleston lighthouse visible above Morris Island. He had hoisted the English flag, and made his way with wonderful rapidity through the narrow channels. When he had passed the Quarantine buoy, he advanced freely into the centre of the bay. Miss Halliburtt was standing on the poop, looking at the town where her father was kept prisoner, and her eyes filled with tears. At last the steamer’s speed was moderated by the Captain’s orders; the “Dolphin” ranged along the end of the south and east batteries, and was soon moored at the quay of the North Commercial Wharf. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (2022). A Floating City and The Blockade Runners. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/67829/67829-h/67829-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Sullivan Island channel.

Abandoned by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CHAPTER VII here CHAPTER VII Plans—A Bridge over the Mercy—Mode adopted for making an Island of Prospect Heights—The Drawbridge—Harvest—The Stream—The Poultry Yard—A Pigeon-house—The two Onagas—The Cart—Excursion to Port Balloon The settlers in Lincoln Island had now regained their dwelling, without having been obliged to reach it by the old opening, and were therefore spared the trouble of mason's work. It was certainly lucky, that at the moment they were about to set out to do so, the apes had been seized with that terror, no less sudden than inexplicable, which had driven them out of Granite House. Had the animals discovered that they were about to be attacked from another direction? This was the only explanation of their sudden retreat. During the day the bodies of the apes were carried into the wood, where they were buried; then the settlers busied themselves in repairing the disorder caused by the intruders, disorder but not damage, for although they had turned everything in the rooms topsy-turvy, yet they had broken nothing. Neb relighted his stove, and the stores in the larder furnished a substantial repast, to which all did ample justice. Jup was not forgotten, and he ate with relish some stone-pine almonds and rhizome roots, with which he was abundantly supplied. Pencroft had unfastened his arms, but judged it best to have his legs tied until they were more sure of his submission. Then, before retiring to rest, Harding and his companions seated round their table, discussed those plans, the execution of which was most pressing. The most important and most urgent was the establishment of a bridge over the Mercy, so as to form a communication with the southern part of the island and Granite House; then the making of an enclosure for the musmons or other woolly animals which they wished to capture. These two projects would help to solve the difficulty as to their clothing, which was now serious. The bridge would render easy the transport of the balloon case, which would furnish them with linen, and the inhabitants of the enclosure would yield wool which would supply them with winter clothes. As to the enclosure, it was Cyrus Harding's intention to establish it at the sources of the Red Creek, where the ruminants would find fresh and abundant pasture. The road between Prospect Heights and the sources of the stream was already partly beaten, and with a better cart than the first, the material could be easily conveyed to the spot, especially if they could manage to capture some animals to draw it. But though there might be no inconvenience in the enclosure being so far from Granite House, it would not be the same with the poultry-yard, to which Neb called the attention of the colonists. It was indeed necessary that the birds should be close within reach of the cook, and no place appeared more favourable for the establishment of the said poultry-yard than that portion of the banks of the lake which was close to the old opening. Water-birds would prosper there as well as others, and the couple of tinamous taken in their last excursion would be the first to be domesticated. The next day, the 3rd of November, the new works were begun by the construction of the bridge, and all hands were required for this important task. Saws, hatchets, and hammers were shouldered by the settlers, who, now transformed into carpenters, descended to the shore. There Pencroft observed,— "Suppose, that during our absence, Master Jup takes it into his head to draw up the ladder which he so politely returned to us yesterday?" "Let us tie its lower end down firmly," replied Cyrus Harding. This was done by means of two stakes securely fixed in the sand. Then the settlers, ascending the left bank of the Mercy, soon arrived at the angle formed by the river. There they halted, in order to ascertain if the bridge could be thrown across. The place appeared suitable. In fact, from this spot, to Port Balloon, discovered the day before on the southern coast, there was only a distance of three miles and a half, and from the bridge to the Port, it would be easy to make a good cart-road which would render the communication between Granite House and the south of the island extremely easy. Cyrus Harding now imparted to his companions a scheme for completely isolating Prospect Heights so as to shelter it from the attacks both of quadrupeds and quadrumana. In this way, Granite House, the Chimneys, the poultry-yard, and all the upper part of the plateau which was to be used for cultivation, would be protected against the depredations of animals. Nothing could be easier than to execute this project, and this is how the engineer intended to set to work. The plateau was already defended on three sides by watercourses, either artificial or natural. On the north-west, by the shores of Lake Grant, from the entrance of the passage to the breach made in the banks of the lake for the escape of the water. On the north, from this breach to the sea, by the new watercourse which had hollowed out a bed for itself across the plateau and shore, above and below the fall, and it would be enough to dig the bed of this creek a little deeper to make it impracticable for animals, on all the eastern border by the sea itself, from the mouth of the aforesaid creek to the mouth of the Mercy. Lastly on the south, from the mouth to the turn of the Mercy where the bridge was to be established. The western border of the plateau now remained between the turn of the river and the southern angle of the lake, a distance of about a mile, which was open to all comers. But nothing could be easier than to dig a broad deep ditch, which could be filled from the lake, and the overflow of which would throw itself by a rapid fall into the bed of the Mercy. The level of the lake would, no doubt, be somewhat lowered by this fresh discharge of its waters, but Cyrus Harding had ascertained that the volume of water in the Red Creek was considerable enough to allow of the execution of this project. "So then," added the engineer, "Prospect Heights will become a regular island, being surrounded with water on all sides, and only communicating with the rest of our domain by the bridge which we are about to throw across the Mercy, the two little bridges already established above and below the fall; and, lastly, two other little bridges which must be constructed, one over the canal which I propose to dig, the other across to the left bank of the Mercy. Now, if these bridges can be raised at will, Prospect Heights will be guarded from any surprise." The bridge was the most urgent work. Trees were selected, cut down, stripped of their branches, and cut into beams, joists, and planks. The end of the bridge which rested on the right bank of the Mercy was to be firm, but the other end on the left bank was to be movable, so that it might be raised by means of a counterpoise, as some canal bridges are managed. This was certainly a considerable work, and though it was skilfully conducted, it took some time, for the Mercy at this place was eighty feet wide. It was therefore necessary to fix piles in the bed of the river so as to sustain the floor of the bridge and establish a pile-driver to act on the tops of these piles, which would thus form two arches and allow the bridge to support heavy loads. Happily there was no want of tools with which to shape the wood, nor of iron-work to make it firm, nor of the ingenuity of a man who had a marvellous knowledge of the work, nor lastly, the zeal of his companions, who in seven months had necessarily acquired great skill in the use of their tools; and it must be said that not the least skillful was Gideon Spilett, who in dexterity almost equalled the sailor himself. "Who would ever have expected so much from a newspaper man!" thought Pencroft. The construction of the Mercy bridge lasted three weeks of regular hard work. They even breakfasted on the scene of their labours, and the weather being magnificent, they only returned to Granite House to sleep. During this period it may be stated that Master Jup grew more accustomed to his new masters, whose movements he always watched with very inquisitive eyes. However, as a precautionary measure, Pencroft did not as yet allow him complete liberty, rightly wishing to wait until the limits of the plateau should be settled by the projected works. Top and Jup were good friends and played willingly together, but Jup did everything solemnly. On the 20th of November the bridge was finished. The movable part, balanced by the counterpoise, swung easily, and only a slight effort was needed to raise it; between its hinge and the last cross-bar on which it rested when closed, there existed a space of twenty feet, which was sufficiently wide to prevent any animals from crossing. The settlers now began to talk of fetching the balloon-case, which they were anxious to place in perfect security; but to bring it, it would be necessary to take a cart to Port Balloon, and consequently, necessary to beat a road through the dense forests of the Far West. This would take some time. Also, Neb and Pencroft having gone to examine into the state of things at Port Balloon, and reported that the stock of cloth would suffer no damage in the grotto where it was stored, it was decided that the work at Prospect Heights should not be discontinued. "That," observed Pencroft, "will enable us to establish our poultry-yard under better conditions, since we need have no fear of visits from foxes nor the attacks of other beasts." "Then," added Neb, "we can clear the plateau, and transplant wild plants to it." "And prepare our second cornfield!" cried the sailor with a triumphant air. In fact, the first cornfield sown with a single grain had prospered admirably, thanks to Pencroft's care. It had produced the ten ears foretold by the engineer, and each ear containing eighty grains, the colony found itself in possession of eight hundred grains, in six months, which promised a double harvest each year. These eight hundred grains, except fifty, which were prudently reserved, were to be sown in a new field, but with no less care than was bestowed on the single grain. The field was prepared, then surrounded with a strong palisade, high and pointed, which quadrupeds would have found difficulty in leaping. As to birds, some scarecrows, due to Pencroft's ingenious brain, were enough to frighten them. The seven hundred and fifty grains, deposited in very regular furrows, were then left for nature to do the rest. On the 21st of November, Cyrus Harding began to plan the canal which was to close the plateau on the west, from the south angle of Lake Grant to the angle of the Mercy. There was there two or three feet of vegetable earth, and below that granite. It was therefore necessary to manufacture some more nitro glycerine, and the nitro glycerine did its accustomed work. In less than a fortnight a ditch twelve feet wide and six deep, was dug out in the hard ground of the plateau. A new trench was made by the same means in the rocky border of the lake forming a small stream, to which they gave the name of Creek Glycerine, and which was thus an affluent of the Mercy. As the engineer had predicted, the level of the lake was lowered, though very slightly. To complete the enclosure the bed of the stream on the beach was considerably enlarged, and the sand supported by means of stakes. By the end of the first fortnight of December these works were finished, and Prospect Heights—that is to say, a sort of irregular pentagon having a perimeter of nearly four miles, surrounded by a liquid belt—was completely protected from depredators of every description. During the month of December, the heat was very great. In spite of it however, the settlers continued their work, and as they were anxious to possess a poultry-yard they forthwith commenced it. It is useless to say that since the enclosing of the plateau had been completed, Master Jup had been set at liberty. He did not leave his masters, and evinced no wish to escape. He was a gentle animal, though very powerful and wonderfully active. He was already taught to make himself useful by drawing loads of wood and carting away the stones which were extracted from the bed of Creek Glycerine. The poultry yard occupied an area of two hundred square yards on the south eastern bank of the lake. It was surrounded by a palisade, and in it were constructed various shelters for the birds which were to populate it. These were simply built of branches and divided into compartments made ready for the expected guests. The first were the two tinamous, which were not long in having a number of young ones; they had for companions half a dozen ducks, accustomed to the borders of the lake. Some belonged to the Chinese species, of which the wings open like a fan, and which by the brilliancy of their plumage rival the golden pheasants. A few days afterwards, Herbert snared a couple of gallinaceæ, with spreading tails composed of long feathers, magnificent alectors, which soon became tame. As to pelicans, kingfishers, water-hens, they came of themselves to the shores of the poultry-yard, and this little community, after some disputes, cooing, screaming, clucking, ended by settling down peacefully, and increased in encouraging proportion for the future use of the colony. Cyrus Harding, wishing to complete his performance, established a pigeon-house in a corner of the poultry-yard. There he lodged a dozen of those pigeons which frequented the rocks of the plateau. These birds soon became accustomed to returning every evening to their new dwelling, and showed more disposition to domesticate themselves than their congeners, the wood-pigeons. Lastly, the time had come for turning the balloon-case to use, by cutting it up to make shirts and other articles; for as to keeping it in its present form, and risking themselves in a balloon filled with gas, above a sea of the limits of which they had no idea, it was not to be thought of. It was necessary to bring the case to Granite House, and the colonists employed themselves in rendering their heavy cart lighter and more manageable. But though they had a vehicle, the moving power was yet to be found. But did there not exist in the island some animal which might supply the place of the horse, ass, or ox? That was the question. "Certainly," said Pencroft, "a beast of burden would be very useful to us until the captain has made a steam cart, or even an engine, for some day we shall have a railroad from Granite House to Port Balloon, with a branch line to Mount Franklin!" One day, the 23rd of December, Neb and Top were heard shouting and barking, each apparently trying who could make the most noise. The settlers, who were busy at the Chimneys, ran, fearing some vexatious incident. What did they see? Two fine animals of a large size, who had imprudently ventured on the plateau, when the bridges were open. One would have said they were horses, or at least donkeys, male and female, of a fine shape, dove-coloured, the legs and tail white, striped with black on the head and neck. They advanced quietly without showing any uneasiness, and gazed at the men, in whom they could not as yet recognise their future masters. "These are onagas!" cried Herbert, "animals something between the zebra and the conaga!" "Why not donkeys?" asked Neb. "Because they have not long ears, and their shape is more graceful!" "Donkeys or horses," interrupted Pencroft, "they are 'moving powers,' as the captain would say, and as such must be captured!" The sailor, without frightening the animals, crept through the grass to the bridge over Creek Glycerine, lowered it, and the onagas were prisoners. Now, should they seize them with violence and master them by force? No. It was decided that for a few days they should be allowed to roam freely about the plateau, where there was an abundance of grass, and the engineer immediately began to prepare a stable near the poultry-yard, in which the onagas might find food, with a good litter, and shelter during the night. This done, the movements of the two magnificent creatures were left entirely free, and the settlers avoided even approaching them so as to terrify them. Several times, however, the onagas appeared to wish to leave the plateau, too confined for animals accustomed to the plains and forests. They were then seen following the water-barrier which everywhere presented itself before them, uttering short neighs, then galloping through the grass, and becoming calmer, they would remain entire hours gazing at the woods, from which they were cut off for ever! In the meantime harness of vegetable fibre had been manufactured, and some days after the capture of the onagas, not only the cart was ready, but a straight road, or rather a cutting, had been made through the forests of the Far West, from the angle of the Mercy to Port Balloon. The cart might then be driven there, and towards the end of December they tried the onagas for the first time. Pencroft had already coaxed the animals to come and eat out of his hand, and they allowed him to approach without making any difficulty, but once harnessed they reared and could with difficulty be held in. However it was not long before they submitted to this new service, for the onaga, being less refractory than the zebra, is frequently put in harness in the mountainous regions of Southern Africa, and it has even been acclimatised in Europe, under zones of a relative coolness. On this day all the colony, except Pencroft who walked at the animals' heads, mounted the cart, and set out on the road to Port Balloon. Of course they were jolted over the somewhat rough road, but the vehicle arrived without any accident, and was soon loaded with the case and rigging of the balloon. At eight o'clock that evening the cart, after passing over the Mercy bridge, descended the left bank of the river, and stopped on the beach. The onagas being unharnessed, were thence led to their stable, and Pencroft before going to sleep gave vent to his feelings in a deep sigh of satisfaction that awoke all the echoes of Granite House. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (2010). Abandoned. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33516/pg33516-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

The settlers in Lincoln Island had now regained their dwelling

Abandoned by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CHAPTER I here CHAPTER I Conversation on the Subject of the Bullet—Construction of a Canoe—Hunting—At the Top of a Kauri—Nothing to attest the Presence of Man—Neb and Herbert's Prize—Turning a Turtle—The Turtle disappears—Cyrus Harding's Explanation. It was now exactly seven months since the balloon voyagers had been thrown on Lincoln Island. During that time, notwithstanding the researches they had made, no human being had been discovered. No smoke even had betrayed the presence of man on the surface of the island. No vestiges of his handiwork showed that either at an early or at a late period had man lived there. Not only did it now appear to be uninhabited by any but themselves, but the colonists were compelled to believe that it never had been inhabited. And now, all this scaffolding of reasonings fell before a simple ball of metal, found in the body of an inoffensive rodent! In fact, this bullet must have issued from a firearm, and who but a human being could have used such a weapon? When Pencroft had placed the bullet on the table, his companions looked at it with intense astonishment. All the consequences likely to result from this incident, notwithstanding its apparent insignificance, immediately took possession of their minds. The sudden apparition of a supernatural being could not have startled them more completely. Cyrus Harding did not hesitate to give utterance to the suggestions which this fact, at once surprising and unexpected, could not fail to raise in his mind. He took the bullet, turned it over and over, rolled it between his finger and thumb; then, turning to Pencroft, he asked,— "Are you sure that the peccary wounded by this bullet was not more than three months old?" "Not more, captain," replied Pencroft. "It was still sucking its mother when I found it in the trap." "Well," said the engineer, "that proves that within three months a gun-shot was fired in Lincoln Island." "And that a bullet," added Gideon Spilett, "wounded, though not mortally, this little animal." "That is unquestionable," said Cyrus Harding, "and these are the deductions which must be drawn from this incident: that the island was inhabited before our arrival, or that men have landed here within three months. Did these men arrive here voluntarily or involuntarily, by disembarking on the shore or by being wrecked? This point can only be cleared up later. As to what they were, Europeans or Malays, enemies or friends of our race, we cannot possibly guess; and if they still inhabit the island, or if they have left it, we know not. But these questions are of too much importance to be allowed to remain long unsettled." "No! a hundred times no! a thousand times no!" cried the sailor, springing up from the table. "There are no other men than ourselves on Lincoln Island! By my faith! The island isn't large, and if it had been inhabited, we should have seen some of the inhabitants long before this!" "In fact, the contrary would be very astonishing," said Herbert. "But it would be much more astonishing, I should think," observed the reporter, "that this peccary should have been born with a bullet in its inside!" "At least," said Neb seriously, "if Pencroft has not had—" "Look here, Neb," burst out Pencroft. "Do you think I could have a bullet in my jaw for five or six months without finding it out? Where could it be hidden?" he asked opening his mouth to show the two-and-thirty teeth with which it was furnished. "Look well, Neb, and if you find one hollow tooth in this set, I will let you pull out half a dozen!" "Neb's supposition is certainly inadmissible," replied Harding, who, notwithstanding the gravity of his thoughts, could not restrain a smile. "It is certain that a gun has been fired in the island, within three months at most. But I am inclined to think that the people who landed on this coast were only here a very short time ago, or that they just touched here; for if, when we surveyed the island from the summit of Mount Franklin, it had been inhabited, we should have seen them or we should have been seen ourselves. It is therefore probable that within only a few weeks castaways have been thrown by a storm on some part of the coast. However that may be, it is of consequence to us to have this point settled." "I think that we should act with caution," said the reporter. "Such is my advice," replied Cyrus Harding, "for it is to be feared that Malay pirates have landed on the island!" "Captain," asked the sailor, "would it not be a good plan, before setting out, to build a canoe in which we could either ascend the river, or, if we liked, coast round the island? It will not do to be unprovided." "Your idea is good, Pencroft," replied the engineer, "but we cannot wait for that. It would take at least a month to build a boat." "Yes, a real boat," replied the sailor; "but we do not want one for a sea voyage, and in five days at the most, I will undertake to construct a canoe fit to navigate the Mercy." "Five days," cried Neb, "to build a boat?" "Yes, Neb; a boat in the Indian fashion." "Of wood?" asked the negro, looking still unconvinced. "Of wood," replied Pencroft, "or rather of bark. I repeat, captain, that in five days the work will be finished!" "In five days, then, be it," replied the engineer. "But till that time we must be very watchful," said Herbert. "Very watchful indeed, my friends," replied Harding; "and I beg you to confine your hunting excursions to the neighbourhood of Granite House." The dinner ended less gaily than Pencroft had hoped. So, then, the island was, or had been, inhabited by others than the settlers. Proved as it was by the incident of the bullet, it was hereafter an unquestionable fact, and such a discovery could not but cause great uneasiness amongst the colonists. Cyrus Harding and Gideon Spilett, before sleeping, conversed long about the matter. They asked themselves if by chance this incident might not have some connection with the inexplicable way in which the engineer had been saved, and the other peculiar circumstances which had struck them at different times. However Cyrus Harding, after having discussed the pros and cons of the question, ended by saying,— "In short, would you like to know my opinion, my dear Spilett?" "Yes, Cyrus." "Well, then, it is this: however minutely we explore the island, we shall find nothing." The next day Pencroft set to work. He did not mean to build a boat with boards and planking, but simply a flat-bottomed canoe, which would be well suited for navigating the Mercy—above all, for approaching its source, where the water would naturally be shallow. Pieces of bark, fastened one to the other, would form a light boat; and in case of natural obstacles, which would render a portage necessary, it would be easily carried. Pencroft intended to secure the pieces of bark by means of nails, to insure the canoe being water-tight. It was first necessary to select the trees which would afford a strong and supple bark for the work. Now the last storm had brought down a number of large birch trees, the bark of which would be perfectly suited for their purpose. Some of these trees lay on the ground, and they had only to be barked, which was the most difficult thing of all, owing to the imperfect tools which the settlers possessed. However, they overcame all difficulties. Whilst the sailor, seconded by the engineer, thus occupied himself without losing an hour, Gideon Spilett and Herbert were not idle. They were made purveyors to the colony. The reporter could not but admire the boy, who had acquired great skill in handling the bow and spear. Herbert also showed great courage and much of that presence of mind which may justly be called "the reasoning of bravery." These two companions of the chase, remembering Cyrus Harding's recommendations, did not go beyond a radius of two miles round Granite House; but the borders of the forest furnished a sufficient tribute of agouties, capybaras, kangaroos, peccaries, etc.; and if the result from the traps was less than during the cold, still the warren yielded its accustomed quota, which might have fed all the colony in Lincoln Island. Often during these excursions, Herbert talked with Gideon Spilett on the incident of the bullet, and the deductions which the engineer drew from it, and one day—it was the 26th of October—he said,— "But, Mr. Spilett, do you not think it very extraordinary that, if any castaways have landed on the island, they have not yet shown themselves near Granite House?" "Very astonishing if they are still here," replied the reporter, "but not astonishing at all if they are here no longer!" "So you think that these people have already quitted the island?" returned Herbert. "It is more than probable, my boy; for if their stay was prolonged, and above all, if they were still here, some accident would have at last betrayed their presence." "But if they were able to go away," observed the lad, "they could not have been castaways." "No, Herbert; or, at least, they were what might be called provisional castaways. It is very possible that a storm may have driven them to the island without destroying their vessel, and that, the storm over, they went away again." "I must acknowledge one thing," said Herbert, "it is that Captain Harding appears rather to fear than desire the presence of human beings on our island." "In short," responded the reporter, "there are only Malays who frequent these seas, and those fellows are ruffians which it is best to avoid." "It is not impossible, Mr. Spilett," said Herbert, "that some day or other we may find traces of their landing." "I do not say no, my boy. A deserted camp, the ashes of a fire, would put us on the track, and this is what we will look for in our next expedition." The day on which the hunters spoke thus, they were in a part of the forest near the Mercy, remarkable for its beautiful trees. There, among others, rose, to a height of nearly 200 feet above the ground, some of those superb coniferæ, to which, in New Zealand, the natives give the name of Kauris. "I have an idea, Mr. Spilett," said Herbert. "If I were to climb to the top of one of these kauris, I could survey the country for an immense distance round." "The idea is good," replied the reporter; "but could you climb to the top of those giants?" "I can at least try," replied Herbert. The light and active boy then sprang on the first branches, the arrangement of which made the ascent of the kauri easy, and in a few minutes he arrived at the summit, which emerged from the immense plain of verdure. From this elevated situation his gaze extended over all the southern portion of the island, from Claw Cape on the south-east, to Reptile End on the south-west. To the north-west rose Mount Franklin, which concealed a great part of the horizon. But Herbert, from the height of his observatory, could examine all the yet unknown portion of the island which might have given shelter to the strangers whose presence they suspected. The lad looked attentively. There was nothing in sight on the sea, not a sail, neither on the horizon nor near the island. However, as the bank of trees hid the shore, it was possible that a vessel, especially if deprived of her masts, might lie close to the land and thus be invisible to Herbert. Neither in the forests of the Far West was anything to be seen. The wood formed an impenetrable screen, measuring several square miles, without a break or an opening. It was impossible even to follow the course of the Mercy, or to ascertain in what part of the mountain it took its source. Perhaps other creeks also ran towards the west, but they could not be seen. But at last, if all indication of an encampment escaped Herbert's sight, could he not even catch a glimpse of smoke, the faintest trace of which would be easily discernible in the pure atmosphere? For an instant Herbert thought he could perceive a slight smoke in the west, but a more attentive examination showed that he was mistaken. He strained his eyes in every direction, and his sight was excellent. No, decidedly there was nothing there. Herbert descended to the foot of the kauri, and the two sportsmen returned to Granite House. There Cyrus Harding listened to the lad's account, shook his head and said nothing. It was very evident that no decided opinion could be pronounced on this question until after a complete exploration of the island. Two days after—the 28th of October—another incident occurred, for which an explanation was again required. Whilst strolling along the shore about two miles from Granite House, Herbert and Neb were fortunate enough to capture a magnificent specimen of the order of chelonia. It was a turtle of the species Midas, the edible green turtle, so called from the colour both of its shell and fat. Herbert caught sight of this turtle as it was crawling among the rocks to reach the sea. "Help, Neb, help!" he cried. Neb ran up. "What a fine animal!" said Neb; "but how are we to catch it?" "Nothing is easier, Neb," replied Herbert. "We have only to turn the turtle on its back, and it cannot possibly get away. Take your spear and do as I do." The reptile, aware of danger, had retired between its carapace and plastron. They no longer saw its head or feet, and it was motionless as a rock. Herbert and Neb then drove their sticks underneath the animal, and by their united efforts managed without difficulty to turn it on its back. The turtle, which was three feet in length, would have weighed at least four hundred pounds. "Capital!" cried Neb; "this is something which will rejoice friend Pencroft's heart." In fact, the heart of friend Pencroft could not fail to be rejoiced, for the flesh of the turtle, which feeds on wrack-grass, is extremely savoury. At this moment the creature's head could be seen, which was small, flat, but widened behind by the large temporal fossæ hidden under the long roof. "And now, what shall we do with our prize?" said Neb. "We can't drag it to Granite House!" "Leave it here, since it cannot turn over," replied Herbert, "and we will come back with the cart to fetch it." "That is the best plan." However, for greater precaution, Herbert took the trouble, which Neb deemed superfluous, to wedge up the animal with great stones, after which the two hunters returned to Granite House, following the beach, which the tide had left uncovered. Herbert, wishing to surprise Pencroft, said nothing about the "superb specimen of a chelonian" which they had turned over on the sand, but, two hours later, he and Neb returned with the cart to the place where they had left it. The "superb specimen of a chelonian" was no longer there! Neb and Herbert stared at each other first, then they stared about them. It was just at this spot that the turtle had been left. The lad even found the stones which he had used, and therefore he was certain of not being mistaken. "Well!" said Neb, "these beasts can turn themselves over, then?" "It appears so," replied Herbert, who could not understand it at all, and was gazing at the stones scattered on the sand. "Well, Pencroft will be disgusted!" "And Captain Harding will perhaps be very perplexed how to explain this disappearance" thought Herbert. "Look here," said Neb, who wished to hide his ill-luck, "we won't speak about it." "On the contrary, Neb we must speak about it," replied Herbert. And the two, taking the cart, which there was now no use for, returned to Granite House. Arrived at the dockyard, where the engineer and the sailor were working together Herbert recounted what had happened. "Oh! the stupids!" cried the sailor, "to have let at least fifty meals escape!" "But, Pencroft," replied Neb, "it wasn't our fault that the beast got away, as I tell you, we had turned it over on its back!" "Then you didn't turn it over enough!" returned the obstinate sailor. "Not enough!" cried Herbert. And he told how he had taken care to wedge up the turtle with stones. "It is a miracle, then!" replied Pencroft. "I thought, captain," said Herbert, "that turtles, once placed on their backs, could not regain their feet, especially when they are of a large size?" "That is true, my boy," replied Cyrus Harding. "Then how did it manage?" "At what distance from the sea did you leave this turtle?" asked the engineer, who, having suspended his work, was reflecting on this incident. "Fifteen feet at the most," replied Herbert. "And the tide was low at the time?" "Yes, captain." "Well," replied the engineer, "what the turtle could not do on the sand it might have been able to do in the water. It turned over when the tide overtook it, and then quietly returned to the deep sea." "Oh! what stupids we were!" cried Neb. "That is precisely what I had the honour of telling you before!" returned the sailor. Cyrus Harding had given this explanation, which, no doubt, was admissible. But was he himself convinced of the accuracy of this explanation? It cannot be said that he was. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (2010). Abandoned. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33516/pg33516-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Exactly seven months since the balloon voyagers had been thrown on Lincoln Island

Off on a Comet! a Journey through Planetary Space by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . AN ISLAND TOMB here CHAPTER XI. AN ISLAND TOMB No longer, then, could there be any doubt as to the annihilation of a considerable portion of the colony. Not merely had there been a submersion of the land, but the impression was more and more confirmed that the very bowels of the earth must have yawned and closed again upon a large territory. Of the rocky substratum of the province it became more evident than ever that not a trace remained, and a new soil of unknown formation had certainly taken the place of the old sandy sea-bottom. As it altogether transcended the powers of those on board to elucidate the origin of this catastrophe, it was felt to be incumbent on them at least to ascertain its extent. After a long and somewhat wavering discussion, it was at length decided that the schooner should take advantage of the favorable wind and weather, and proceed at first towards the east, thus following the outline of what had formerly represented the coast of Africa, until that coast had been lost in boundless sea. Not a vestige of it all remained; from Cape Matafuz to Tunis it had all gone, as though it had never been. The maritime town of Dellis, built like Algiers, amphitheater-wise, had totally disappeared; the highest points were quite invisible; not a trace on the horizon was left of the Jurjura chain, the topmost point of which was known to have an altitude of more than 7,000 feet. Unsparing of her fuel, the made her way at full steam towards Cape Blanc. Neither Cape Negro nor Cape Serrat was to be seen. The town of Bizerta, once charming in its oriental beauty, had vanished utterly; its marabouts, or temple-tombs, shaded by magnificent palms that fringed the gulf, which by reason of its narrow mouth had the semblance of a lake, all had disappeared, giving place to a vast waste of sea, the transparent waves of which, as still demonstrated by the sounding-line, had ever the same uniform and arid bottom. Dobryna In the course of the day the schooner rounded the point where, five weeks previously, Cape Blanc had been so conspicuous an object, and she was now stemming the waters of what once had been the Bay of Tunis. But bay there was none, and the town from which it had derived its name, with the Arsenal, the Goletta, and the two peaks of Bou-Kournein, had all vanished from the view. Cape Bon, too, the most northern promontory of Africa and the point of the continent nearest to the island of Sicily, had been included in the general devastation. Before the occurrence of the recent prodigy, the bottom of the Mediterranean just at this point had formed a sudden ridge across the Straits of Libya. The sides of the ridge had shelved to so great an extent that, while the depth of water on the summit had been little more than eleven fathoms, that on either hand of the elevation was little short of a hundred fathoms. A formation such as this plainly indicated that at some remote epoch Cape Bon had been connected with Cape Furina, the extremity of Sicily, in the same manner as Ceuta has doubtless been connected with Gibraltar. Lieutenant Procope was too well acquainted with the Mediterranean to be unaware of this peculiarity, and would not lose the opportunity of ascertaining whether the submarine ridge still existed, or whether the sea-bottom between Sicily and Africa had undergone any modification. Both Timascheff and Servadac were much interested in watching the operations. At a sign from the lieutenant, a sailor who was stationed at the foot of the fore-shrouds dropped the sounding-lead into the water, and in reply to Procope’s inquiries, reported—“Five fathoms and a flat bottom.” The next aim was to determine the amount of depression on either side of the ridge, and for this purpose the was shifted for a distance of half a mile both to the right and left, and the soundings taken at each station. “Five fathoms and a flat bottom,” was the unvaried announcement after each operation. Not only, therefore, was it evident that the submerged chain between Cape Bon and Cape Furina no longer existed, but it was equally clear that the convulsion had caused a general leveling of the sea-bottom, and that the soil, degenerated, as it has been said, into a metallic dust of unrecognized composition, bore no trace of the sponges, sea-anemones, star-fish, sea-nettles, hydrophytes, and shells with which the submarine rocks of the Mediterranean had hitherto been prodigally clothed. Dobryna The now put about and resumed her explorations in a southerly direction. It remained, however, as remarkable as ever how completely throughout the voyage the sea continued to be deserted; all expectations of hailing a vessel bearing news from Europe were entirely falsified, so that more and more each member of the crew began to be conscious of his isolation, and to believe that the schooner, like a second Noah’s ark, carried the sole survivors of a calamity that had overwhelmed the earth. Dobryna On the 9th of February the passed over the site of the city of Dido, the ancient Byrsa—a Carthage, however, which was now more completely destroyed than ever Punic Carthage had been destroyed by Scipio Africanus or Roman Carthage by Hassan the Saracen. Dobryna In the evening, as the sun was sinking below the eastern horizon, Captain Servadac was lounging moodily against the taffrail. From the heaven above, where stars kept peeping fitfully from behind the moving clouds, his eye wandered mechanically to the waters below, where the long waves were rising and falling with the evening breeze. All at once, his attention was arrested by a luminous speck straight ahead on the southern horizon. At first, imagining that he was the victim of some spectral illusion, he observed it with silent attention; but when, after some minutes, he became convinced that what he saw was actually a distant light, he appealed to one of the sailors, by whom his impression was fully corroborated. The intelligence was immediately imparted to Count Timascheff and the lieutenant. “Is it land, do you suppose?” inquired Servadac, eagerly. “I should be more inclined to think it is a light on board some ship,” replied the count. “Whatever it is, in another hour we shall know all about it,” said Servadac. “No, captain,” interposed Lieutenant Procope; “we shall know nothing until to-morrow.” “What! not bear down upon it at once?” asked the count in surprise. “No, sir; I should much rather lay to and wait till daylight. If we are really near land, I should be afraid to approach it in the dark.” The count expressed his approval of the lieutenant’s caution, and thereupon all sail was shortened so as to keep the from making any considerable progress all through the hours of night. Few as those hours were, they seemed to those on board as if their end would never come. Fearful lest the faint glimmer should at any moment cease to be visible, Hector Servadac did not quit his post upon the deck; but the light continued unchanged. It shone with about the same degree of luster as a star of the second magnitude, and from the fact of its remaining stationary, Procope became more and more convinced that it was on land and did not belong to a passing vessel. Dobryna At sunrise every telescope was pointed with keenest interest towards the center of attraction. The light, of course, had ceased to be visible, but in the direction where it had been seen, and at a distance of about ten miles, there was the distinct outline of a solitary island of very small extent; rather, as the count observed, it had the appearance of being the projecting summit of a mountain all but submerged. Whatever it was, it was agreed that its true character must be ascertained, not only to gratify their own curiosity, but for the benefit of all future navigators. The schooner accordingly was steered directly towards it, and in less than an hour had cast anchor within a few cables’ lengths of the shore. The little island proved to be nothing more than an arid rock rising abruptly about forty feet above the water. It had no outlying reefs, a circumstance that seemed to suggest the probability that in the recent convulsion it had sunk gradually, until it had reached its present position of equilibrium. Without removing his eye from his telescope, Servadac exclaimed: “There is a habitation on the place; I can see an erection of some kind quite distinctly. Who can tell whether we shall not come across a human being?” Lieutenant Procope looked doubtful. The island had all the appearance of being deserted, nor did a cannon-shot fired from the schooner have the effect of bringing any resident to the shore. Nevertheless, it was undeniable that there was a stone building situated on the top of the rock, and that this building had much the character of an Arabian mosque. The boat was lowered and manned by the four sailors; Servadac, Timascheff and Procope were quickly rowed ashore, and lost no time in commencing their ascent of the steep acclivity. Upon reaching the summit, they found their progress arrested by a kind of wall, or rampart of singular construction, its materials consisting mainly of vases, fragments of columns, carved bas-reliefs, statues, and portions of broken stelae, all piled promiscuously together without any pretense to artistic arrangement. They made their way into the enclosure, and finding an open door, they passed through and soon came to a second door, also open, which admitted them to the interior of the mosque, consisting of a single chamber, the walls of which were ornamented in the Arabian style by sculptures of indifferent execution. In the center was a tomb of the very simplest kind, and above the tomb was suspended a large silver lamp with a capacious reservoir of oil, in which floated a long lighted wick, the flame of which was evidently the light that had attracted Servadac’s attention on the previous night. “Must there not have been a custodian of the shrine?” they mutually asked; but if such there had ever been, he must, they concluded, either have fled or have perished on that eventful night. Not a soul was there in charge, and the sole living occupants were a flock of wild cormorants which, startled at the entrance of the intruders, rose on wing, and took a rapid flight towards the south. An old French prayer-book was lying on the corner of the tomb; the volume was open, and the page exposed to view was that which contained the office for the celebration of the 25th of August. A sudden revelation dashed across Servadac’s mind. The solemn isolation of the island tomb, the open breviary, the ritual of the ancient anniversary, all combined to apprise him of the sanctity of the spot upon which he stood. “The tomb of St. Louis!” he exclaimed, and his companions involuntarily followed his example, and made a reverential obeisance to the venerated monument. It was, in truth, the very spot on which tradition asserts that the canonized monarch came to die, a spot to which for six centuries and more his countrymen had paid the homage of a pious regard. The lamp that had been kindled at the memorial shrine of a saint was now in all probability the only beacon that threw a light across the waters of the Mediterranean, and even this ere long must itself expire. There was nothing more to explore. The three together quitted the mosque, and descended the rock to the shore, whence their boat re-conveyed them to the schooner, which was soon again on her southward voyage; and it was not long before the tomb of St. Louis, the only spot that had survived the mysterious shock, was lost to view. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (1998). Off on a Comet! a Journey through Planetary Space. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1353/pg1353-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

AN ISLAND TOMB

The Mysterious Island by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Chapter VI here Chapter VI However, the chief business of the colonists was to make that complete exploration of the island which had been decided upon, and which would have two objects: to discover the mysterious being whose existence was now indisputable, and at the same time to find out what had become of the pirates, what retreat they had chosen, what sort of life they were leading, and what was to be feared from them. Cyrus Harding wished to set out without delay; but as the expedition would be of some days duration, it appeared best to load the cart with different materials and tools in order to facilitate the organization of the encampments. One of the onagers, however, having hurt its leg, could not be harnessed at present, and a few days’ rest was necessary. The departure was, therefore, put off for a week, until the 20th of November. The month of November in this latitude corresponds to the month of May in the northern zones. It was, therefore, the fine season. The sun was entering the tropic of Capricorn, and gave the longest days in the year. The time was, therefore, very favorable for the projected expedition, which, if it did not accomplish its principal object, would at any rate be fruitful in discoveries, especially of natural productions, since Harding proposed to explore those dense forests of the Far West, which stretched to the extremity of the Serpentine Peninsula. During the nine days which preceded their departure, it was agreed that the work on Prospect Heights should be finished off. Moreover, it was necessary for Ayrton to return to the corral, where the domesticated animals required his care. It was decided that he should spend two days there, and return to Granite House after having liberally supplied the stables. As he was about to start, Harding asked him if he would not like one of them to accompany him, observing that the island was less safe than formerly. Ayrton replied that this was unnecessary, as he was enough for the work, and that besides he apprehended no danger. If anything occurred at the corral, or in the neighborhood, he could instantly warn the colonists by sending a telegram to Granite House. Ayrton departed at dawn on the 9th, taking the cart drawn by one onager, and two hours after, the electric wire announced that he had found all in order at the corral. During these two days Harding busied himself in executing a project which would completely guard Granite House against any surprise. It was necessary to completely conceal the opening of the old outlet, which was already walled up and partly hidden under grass and plants, at the southern angle of Lake Grant. Nothing was easier, since if the level of the lake was raised two or three feet, the opening would be quite beneath it. Now, to raise this level they had only to establish a dam at the two openings made by the lake, and by which were fed Creek Glycerine and Falls River. The colonists worked with a will, and the two dams which besides did not exceed eight feet in width by three in height, were rapidly erected by means of well-cemented blocks of stone. This work finished, it would have been impossible to guess that at that part of the lake, there existed a subterranean passage through which the overflow of the lake formerly escaped. Of course the little stream which fed the reservoir of Granite House and worked the lift, had been carefully preserved, and the water could not fail. The lift once raised, this sure and comfortable retreat would be safe from any surprise. This work had been so quickly done, that Pencroft, Gideon Spilett, and Herbert found time to make an expedition to Port Balloon, The sailor was very anxious to know if the little creek in which the “Bonadventure” was moored, had been visited by the convicts. “These gentlemen,” he observed, “landed on the south coast, and if they followed the shore, it is to be feared that they may have discovered the little harbor, and in that case, I wouldn’t give half-a-dollar for our ‘Bonadventure.’” Pencroft’s apprehensions were not without foundation, and a visit to Port Balloon appeared to be very desirable. The sailor and his companions set off on the 10th of November, after dinner, well armed. Pencroft, ostentatiously slipping two bullets into each barrel of his rifle, shook his head in a way which betokened nothing good to any one who approached too near him, whether “man or beast,” as he said. Gideon Spilett and Herbert also took their guns, and about three o’clock all three left Granite House. Neb accompanied them to the turn of the Mercy, and after they had crossed, he raised the bridge. It was agreed that a gunshot should announce the colonists’ return, and that at the signal Neb should return and reestablish the communication between the two banks of the river. The little band advanced directly along the road which led to the southern coast of the island. This was only a distance of three miles and a half, but Gideon Spilett and his companions took two hours to traverse it. They examined all the border of the road, the thick forest, as well as Tabor Marsh. They found no trace of the fugitives who, no doubt, not having yet discovered the number of the colonists, or the means of defense which they had at their disposal, had gained the less accessible parts of the island. Arrived at Port Balloon, Pencroft saw with extreme satisfaction that the “Bonadventure” was tranquilly floating in the narrow creek. However, Port Balloon was so well hidden among high rocks, that it could scarcely be discovered either from the land or the sea. “Come,” said Pencroft, “the blackguards have not been there yet. Long grass suits reptiles best, and evidently we shall find them in the Far West.” “And it’s very lucky, for if they had found the ‘Bonadventure’,” added Herbert, “they would have gone off in her, and we should have been prevented from returning to Tabor Island.” “Indeed,” remarked the reporter, “it will be important to take a document there which will make known the situation of Lincoln Island, and Ayrton’s new residence, in case the Scotch yacht returns to fetch him.” “Well, the ‘Bonadventure’ is always there, Mr. Spilett,” answered the sailor. “She and her crew are ready to start at a moment’s notice!” “I think, Pencroft, that that is a thing to be done after our exploration of the island is finished. It is possible after all that the stranger, if we manage to find him, may know as much about Tabor Island as about Lincoln Island. Do not forget that he is certainly the author of the document, and he may, perhaps, know how far we may count on the return of the yacht!” “But!” exclaimed Pencroft, “who in the world can he be? The fellow knows us and we know nothing about him! If he is a simple castaway, why should he conceal himself! We are honest men, I suppose, and the society of honest men isn’t unpleasant to any one. Did he come here voluntarily? Can he leave the island if he likes? Is he here still? Will he remain any longer?” Chatting thus, Pencroft, Gideon Spilett, and Herbert got on board and looked about the deck of the “Bonadventure.” All at once, the sailor having examined the bitts to which the cable of the anchor was secured,— “Hallo,” he cried, “this is queer!” “What is the matter, Pencroft?” asked the reporter. “The matter is, that it was not I who made this knot!” And Pencroft showed a rope which fastened the cable to the bitt itself. “What, it was not you?” asked Gideon Spilett. “No! I can swear to it. This is a reef knot, and I always make a running bowline.” “You must be mistaken, Pencroft.” “I am not mistaken!” declared the sailor. “My hand does it so naturally, and one’s hand is never mistaken!” “Then can the convicts have been on board?” asked Herbert. “I know nothing about that,” answered Pencroft, “but what is certain, is that some one has weighed the ‘Bonadventure’s’ anchor and dropped it again! And look here, here is another proof! The cable of the anchor has been run out, and its service is no longer at the hawse-hole. I repeat that some one has been using our vessel!” “But if the convicts had used her, they would have pillaged her, or rather gone off with her.” “Gone off! where to—to Tabor Island?” replied Pencroft. “Do you think, they would risk themselves in a boat of such small tonnage?” “We must, besides, be sure that they know of the islet,” rejoined the reporter. “However that may be,” said the sailor, “as sure as my name is Bonadventure Pencroft, of the Vineyard, our ‘Bonadventure’ has sailed without us!” The sailor was positive that neither Gideon Spilett nor Herbert could dispute his statement. It was evident that the vessel had been moved, more or less, since Pencroft had brought her to Port Balloon. As to the sailor, he had not the slightest doubt that the anchor had been raised and then dropped again. Now, what was the use of these two maneuvers, unless the vessel had been employed in some expedition? “But how was it we did not see the ‘Bonadventure’ pass in the sight of the island?” observed the reporter, who was anxious to bring forward every possible objection. “Why, Mr. Spilett,” replied the sailor, “they would only have to start in the night with a good breeze, and they would be out of sight of the island in two hours.” “Well,” resumed Gideon Spilett, “I ask again, what object could the convicts have had in using the ‘Bonadventure,’ and why, after they had made use of her, should they have brought her back to port?” “Why, Mr. Spilett,” replied the sailor, “we must put that among the unaccountable things, and not think anything more about it. The chief thing is that the ‘Bonadventure’ was there, and she is there now. Only, unfortunately, if the convicts take her a second time, we shall very likely not find her again in her place!” “Then, Pencroft,” said Herbert, “would it not be wisest to bring the ‘Bonadventure’ off to Granite House?” “Yes and no,” answered Pencroft, “or rather no. The mouth of the Mercy is a bad place for a vessel, and the sea is heavy there.” “But by hauling her up on the sand, to the foot of the Chimneys?” “Perhaps yes,” replied Pencroft. “At any rate, since we must leave Granite House for a long expedition, I think the ‘Bonadventure’ will be safer here during our absence, and we shall do best to leave her here until the island is rid of these blackguards.” “That is exactly my opinion,” said the reporter. “At any rate in the event of bad weather, she will not be exposed here as she would be at the mouth of the Mercy.” “But suppose the convicts pay her another visit,” said Herbert. “Well, my boy,” replied Pencroft, “not finding her here, they would not be long in finding her on the sands of Granite House, and, during our absence, nothing could hinder them from seizing her! I agree, therefore, with Mr. Spilett, that she must be left in Port Balloon. But, if on our return we have not rid the island of those rascals, it will be prudent to bring our boat to Granite House, until the time when we need not fear any unpleasant visits.” “That’s settled. Let us be off,” said the reporter. Pencroft, Herbert, and Gideon Spilett, on their return to Granite House, told the engineer all that had passed, and the latter approved of their arrangements both for the present and the future. He also promised the sailor that he would study that part of the channel situated between the islet and the coast, so as to ascertain if it would not be possible to make an artificial harbor there by means of dams. In this way, the “Bonadventure” would be always within reach, under the eyes of the colonists, and if necessary, under lock and key. That evening a telegram was sent to Ayrton, requesting him to bring from the corral a couple of goats, which Neb wished to acclimatize to the plateau. Singularly enough, Ayrton did not acknowledge the receipt of the despatch, as he was accustomed to do. This could not but astonish the engineer. But it might be that Ayrton was not at that moment in the corral, or even that he was on his way back to Granite House. In fact, two days had already passed since his departure, and it had been decided that on the evening of the 10th or at the latest the morning of the 11th, he should return. The colonists waited, therefore, for Ayrton to appear on Prospect Heights. Neb and Herbert even watched at the bridge so as to be ready to lower it the moment their companion presented himself. But up to ten in the evening, there were no signs of Ayrton. It was, therefore, judged best to send a fresh despatch, requiring an immediate reply. The bell of the telegraph at Granite House remained mute. The colonists’ uneasiness was great. What had happened? Was Ayrton no longer at the corral, or if he was still there, had he no longer control over his movements? Could they go to the corral in this dark night? They consulted. Some wished to go, the others to remain. “But,” said Herbert, “perhaps some accident has happened to the telegraphic apparatus, so that it works no longer?” “That may be,” said the reporter. “Wait till to-morrow,” replied Cyrus Harding. “It is possible, indeed, that Ayrton has not received our despatch, or even that we have not received his.” They waited, of course not without some anxiety. At dawn of day, the 11th of November, Harding again sent the electric current along the wire and received no reply. He tried again: the same result. “Off to the corral,” said he. “And well armed!” added Pencroft. It was immediately decided that Granite House should not be left alone and that Neb should remain there. After having accompanied his friends to Creek Glycerine, he raised the bridge; and waiting behind a tree he watched for the return of either his companions or Ayrton. In the event of the pirates presenting themselves and attempting to force the passage, he was to endeavor to stop them by firing on them, and as a last resource he was to take refuge in Granite House, where, the lift once raised, he would be in safety. Cyrus Harding, Gideon Spilett, Herbert, and Pencroft were to repair to the corral, and if they did not find Ayrton, search the neighboring woods. At six o’clock in the morning, the engineer and his three companions had passed Creek Glycerine, and Neb posted himself behind a small mound crowned by several dragon trees, on the left bank of the stream. The colonists, after leaving the plateau of Prospect Heights, immediately took the road to the corral. They shouldered their guns, ready to fire on the slightest hostile demonstration. The two rifles and the two guns had been loaded with ball. The wood was thick on each side of the road and might easily have concealed the convicts, who owing to their weapons would have been really formidable. The colonists walked rapidly and in silence. Top preceded them, sometimes running on the road, sometimes taking a ramble into the wood, but always quiet and not appearing to fear anything unusual. And they could be sure that the faithful dog would not allow them to be surprised, but would bark at the least appearance of danger. Cyrus Harding and his companions followed beside the road the wire which connected the corral with Granite House. After walking for nearly two miles, they had not as yet discovered any explanation of the difficulty. The posts were in good order, the wire regularly extended. However, at that moment the engineer observed that the wire appeared to be slack, and on arriving at post No. 74, Herbert, who was in advance stopped, exclaiming,— “The wire is broken!” His companions hurried forward and arrived at the spot where the lad was standing. The post was rooted up and lying across the path. The unexpected explanation of the difficulty was here, and it was evident that the despatches from Granite House had not been received at the corral, nor those from the corral at Granite House. “It wasn’t the wind that blew down this post,” observed Pencroft. “No,” replied Gideon Spilett. “The earth has been dug up round its foot, and it has been torn up by the hand of man.” “Besides, the wire is broken,” added Herbert, showing that the wire had been snapped. “Is the fracture recent?” asked Harding. “Yes,” answered Herbert, “it has certainly been done quite lately.” “To the corral! to the corral!” exclaimed the sailor. The colonists were now half way between Granite House and the corral, having still two miles and a half to go. They pressed forward with redoubled speed. Indeed, it was to be feared that some serious accident had occurred in the corral. No doubt, Ayrton might have sent a telegram which had not arrived, but this was not the reason why his companions were so uneasy, for, a more unaccountable circumstance, Ayrton, who had promised to return the evening before, had not reappeared. In short, it was not without a motive that all communication had been stopped between the corral and Granite House, and who but the convicts could have any interest in interrupting this communication? The settlers hastened on, their hearts oppressed with anxiety. They were sincerely attached to their new companion. Were they to find him struck down by the hands of those of whom he was formerly the leader? Soon they arrived at the place where the road led along the side of the little stream which flowed from the Red Creek and watered the meadows of the corral. They then moderated their pace so that they should not be out of breath at the moment when a struggle might be necessary. Their guns were in their hands ready cocked. The forest was watched on every side. Top uttered sullen groans which were rather ominous. At last the palisade appeared through the trees. No trace of any damage could be seen. The gate was shut as usual. Deep silence reigned in the corral. Neither the accustomed bleating of the sheep nor Ayrton’s voice could be heard. “Let us enter,” said Cyrus Harding. And the engineer advanced, while his companions, keeping watch about twenty paces behind him, were ready to fire at a moment’s notice. Harding raised the inner latch of the gate and was about to push it back, when Top barked loudly. A report sounded and was responded to by a cry of pain. Herbert, struck by a bullet, lay stretched on the ground. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (1998). The Mysterious Island. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1268/1268-h/1268-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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