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Oracle Corporation provides products and services that address enterprise information technology environments worldwide. The company's cloud and license business engages in the sale, marketing, and delivery of its applications and infrastructure technologies through cloud and on-premise deployment models, including cloud services and license support; and cloud license and on-premise license. Its cloud software as a service offerings include a suite of cloud software applications, including enterprise resource planning (ERP), enterprise and performance management, supply chain management, human capital management, and customer experience cloud-based industry solutions, as well as NetSuite application suite, a cloud-based ERP solution. The company also provides cloud infrastructure as a service; enterprise database; database products, including MySQL, Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database, Oracle Berkeley DB, and Oracle NoSQL Database; middleware software; Java licenses; server and storage products; hardware products and services comprising point-of-sale terminals and related hardware for managing businesses within the food and beverage, hotel and retail industries; and hardware products and services for communications networks, including network signaling, policy control and subscriber data management solutions, and session border control technology. In addition, it offers operating systems, including Oracle Linux and Oracle Solaris, virtualization software, and other hardware-related software; management technologies and products, such as Oracle Enterprise Manager; and product repairs, maintenance services, and technical support services. It also serves various industries, government agencies, and educational institutions. The company was founded in 1977 and is headquartered in Redwood City, California.

Oracle

oracle

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Oracle Corp. stock underperforms Tuesday when compared to competitors

I&#x27;m a staff software engineer and have worked at three different tech companies, moving from <strong>Oracle</strong> to Apple to Meta. Over my career, I&#x27;ve led the development of successful software apps and features from scratch that are used every day by millions of people across the world.

Here's how much money I made as a software engineer at Meta, Apple, and Oracle

How to Build a Chatbot That Tells Medieval Tales Using Oracle’s AI Platform

In the murky world of stolen data, reputation is everything. If a threat actor can’t prove their haul is legitimate, their credibility—and their payday—evaporates. That’s exactly what seems to be happening with the alleged Oracle data breach. On 21 March 2025, CloudSEK’s XVigil discovered a threat actor, "rose87168," selling 6M records exfiltrated from SSO and LDAP of Oracle Cloud. The data includes JKS files, encrypted SSO passwords, key files, and enterprise manager JPS keys. Oracle has been denying the breach and even since then the hacker’s attempts to sell the stolen information on dark web forums, they’re running into unexpected resistance. Buyers aren’t biting. Worse, some are openly questioning whether the breach is real at all. What makes this even more interesting is the creation of a new account on the forum some are claiming is Oracle instigating the false legitimacy of the stolen data. Join me through my research into the current issues with the oracle breach sell. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/oracle-customers-confirm-data-stolen-in-alleged-cloud-breach-is-valid/ https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/oracle-customers-confirm-data-stolen-in-alleged-cloud-breach-is-valid/ The Initial Drop: A High-Profile Target. The threat actor rose87168 first surfaced on a well-known cybercrime forum, boasting possession of a treasure trove of Oracle’s internal data. As with most high-value leaks, they kept the details vague—just enough to spark interest without giving away anything for free. A few redacted samples, a price tag, and a promise that serious buyers could verify before purchase. rose87168 The data breach contains the following items: The data breach contains the following items: You would think that the Oracle breach would be easy to sell but instead of immediate offers, skepticism flooded the thread. Since Oracle has been denying claims of the breach, fellow forum members pressed for more proof, questioning the legitimacy of the dump. This isn’t uncommon—buyers don’t want to be scammed—but in this case, the pushback was unusually aggressive. Shadowed discussions. The discussions surrounding the Oracle data breach is something that is new to me. Usually selling a data dump is straight forward and is a short transaction. The current state is chaotic and full of skepticism among the peers. There are conversations about the hatred for Oracle and their lack of acknowledgement towards the awareness of security weaknesses. One such conversation is about one threat actor disclosing a bug in their database software and Oracle retaliating to audit into an oblivion. Needless to say, I feel that cybercriminal underbelly is not a fan of Oracle for some unknown reason. The shadow in the room. There also another claim that the threat actor is actually an “Insider”. This is just a claim of course but it does add an intriguing twist to this story. The conversation goes into an actor stating that there needs to be at least 10,000 lines of a sample to validate the claim of the breach. Of course, others join in as well. In the same conversation someone named tester27 claims CloudSEK planed the breach? The actor states CloudSEK planned the breach with his employee, and they work as rose aka… the threat actor. They go as far as saying that they have the whole conversation recorded and their partner is Alon Gal. Is there any foundation into this claim? At the moment it is just an accusation, but it does make question if such a thing is true. I mean we have all seen insider threats and crimes before with companies. tester27 I thought that I had seen everything that I was going to see, and this data breach was not going to sell. A new conversation with the threat actor emerged. It was an account that was created on the 3/25/2025 and was instigating with the actor the legitimacy of the data dump. Some were even stating that the new account arguing actually belonged to Oracle or a third party to deter the selling of the data. A Mysterious Challenger Appears One of the most vocal critics was a newly created account that immediately cast doubt on the seller’s claims. The threat actor, already on edge, quickly accused the account of being linked to Oracle. If true, this wouldn’t be the first time a company (or a third-party threat intelligence firm) infiltrated a forum to disrupt a sale. By demanding proof, pointing out inconsistencies, and calling the actor a fraud, the account could be attempting to shake buyer confidence, making the stolen data essentially worthless. The hacker lashed out, insisting that the data was real—but the damage was already done. First, let’s look at the account that is making the accusations. It’s a newly created account, no rank and reputation. These are the accounts that are very suspicious when it comes to transactions and actions. The last thing a new member does is challenge members with rank and reputation. It makes things obvious and suspicious at best. During the conversation, the new account challenges the legitimacy of the data dump, and the threat actor instantly claims the new account is Oracle or a third party. The conversation starts to spread like wildfire and soon most of the members are on the side of Oracle and the new account claiming the data dump is fake. This isn’t just a one-time issue. Selling corporate data is always a gamble. Unlike personal information, which can be quickly monetized, corporate leaks require trust. A buyer has to believe the data has value, that it’s exclusive, and that they aren’t walking into a trap. With Oracle’s name attached, the stakes are even higher. Companies of this size have entire teams dedicated to tracking and mitigating breaches. Any buyer caught dealing in stolen Oracle data could find themselves in legal crosshairs—or worse, buying worthless junk. The Fallout: A Deal in Doubt As of now, the sale remains in limbo. The threat actor, frustrated by the accusations, has doubled down, posting more “proof” in an attempt to salvage the deal. But the damage may already be irreversible. Buyers are hesitant, and if no one steps forward soon, the hacker might be forced to drop the price—or walk away empty-handed. For Oracle, this might be a rare win in the cat-and-mouse game of cybersecurity. If the company (or someone working on its behalf) did manage to poison the well, they’ve effectively neutralized the breach without needing to recover the data itself. But for the hacker? In a market where trust is everything, they may have just learned the hard way that some stolen goods are simply too damaged to sell.

A Leaker Is Trying to Sell Data From the Supposed Oracle Breach But Nobody's Buying

Un secuestrador está tratando de vender datos de la supuesta violación de Oracle pero nadie lo compra

یک افشاکننده در حال تلاش برای فروش داده‌های مربوط به نقض احتمالی اوراکل است اما کسی خرید نمی‌کند

Egy szivárgó megpróbálja eladni az adatokat az állítólagos Oracle-törésből, de senki sem vásárol

Pelecehan mencoba menjual data dari dugaan pelanggaran Oracle tetapi tidak ada yang membeli

A Leaker Is Trying to Sell Data from the Supposed Oracle Breach But Nobody's Buying オラクル侵害のデータを販売しようとしているが、誰も買わない

Nutekėjęs asmuo bando parduoti duomenis iš tariamo „Oracle“ pažeidimo, bet niekas neperka

Miezaka mivarotra angon-drakitra avy amin'ilay heverina ho fanitsakitsahana ny Oracle ny leaker iray nefa tsy nisy nividy

Un leaker încearcă să vândă date din presupusa breșă Oracle, dar nimeni nu cumpără

A Leaker waa in la soo saarka data ka mid ah Oracle dhismaha, laakiin aan la iibsaday

Një zbulues po përpiqet të shesë të dhëna nga shkelja e supozuar e Oracle, por askush nuk po blen

Леакер покушава да прода податке из наводне повреде Орацле-а, али нико не купује

I-Leaker Ufuna ukuthenga idatha evela kwi-Oracle Breach ebizwa ngokuba, kodwa akukho umlinganiselo

Deno vs Oracle: Who Really Owns JavaScript?

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Deno vs Oracle: quen realmente posúe JavaScript?

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Deno ទល់នឹង Oracle៖ តើអ្នកណាជាម្ចាស់ JavaScript?

Deno vs Oracle: JavaScript-ийг үнэхээр хэн эзэмшдэг вэ?

Deno vs Oracle: ඇත්තටම JavaScript අයිති කාටද?

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Vienna, September 25th, 2024 – Morpher GmbH, a blockchain trading platform for stocks, cryptos, forex, indices and unique markets such as sneakers and watches, has released an open source data oracle to improve access to reliable trading data. A blockchain oracle is a way of bringing data into a blockchain from external sources, including other blockchains. The oracles currently available suffer from the following problems: they have limited data availability, are not actually real-time, and have to battle licensing problems or usability problems (e.g. pull oracle data is visible before its being used). Oracles represent a single point of failure: if one of the currently available oracles goes down, so do all their feeds. This leaves blockchain applications depending on real-world data at a distinct disadvantage against regular platforms. To combat these shortcomings, Morpher’s Oracle has been built as an open source protocol, with multiple data sources aggregated. This allows for an increase in speed, accuracy, and reliability of data, which is a necessity for every settlement platform to operate. The Morpher Oracle comes in two flavors: a pull basedon-chain attestation data-service and a novel intent based oracle for EVM based chains. Both will include Data Feeds for US Equities, Commodities, Forex, and Crypto from the launch. The data is available in real-time, trustable, and able to be licensed to partners/developers. Morpher’s CEO Martin Froehler stated “Existing oracles could not power a real-time trading platform like Morpher. So we developed our own next generation, multi-sourced oracle which we are now making available to other projects on Radix and EVM chains.” Thomas Wiesner, Morpher’s CTO shares his vision for the oracle as "Our vision for the Morpher Oracle is to have the dev community continue to grow its robustness, adding more data streams, increasing the number of chains and further expanding the use cases past what we can currently imagine. We want to give a new tool to bring even more trust into blockchain." “We are super excited to see the release of the Morpher oracle live on Radix and available to use from today onwards - Morpher’s stack has already proven to be incredibly flexible and I look forward to what can be built, using their many data feeds, on Radix in the coming months.”
-Piers Ridyard, CEO of RDX Works Available to use today for all developers and see how quickly and accurately the Radix coin price is shown in USD. About Morpher Morpher, headquartered in Vienna, Austria, has been at the cutting edge of decentralized finance since 2018. The platform empowers users to trade virtual copies of real-world financial markets using its proprietary protocol and MPH token. Supported by prominent investors like Tim Draper, Morpher is dedicated to making global financial markets universally accessible. For more information, visit https://www.morpher.com/new. PR Contact Nick Stein Head of Growth nick@morpher.com +436603172205 Vienna, September 25th, 2024 – Morpher GmbH , a blockchain trading platform for stocks, cryptos, forex, indices and unique markets such as sneakers and watches, has released an open source data oracle to improve access to reliable trading data. Vienna, September 25th, 2024 Morpher GmbH Morpher GmbH open source data oracle open source data oracle A blockchain oracle is a way of bringing data into a blockchain from external sources, including other blockchains. The oracles currently available suffer from the following problems: they have limited data availability, are not actually real-time, and have to battle licensing problems or usability problems (e.g. pull oracle data is visible before its being used). Oracles represent a single point of failure: if one of the currently available oracles goes down, so do all their feeds. This leaves blockchain applications depending on real-world data at a distinct disadvantage against regular platforms. To combat these shortcomings, Morpher’s Oracle has been built as an open source protocol, with multiple data sources aggregated. This allows for an increase in speed, accuracy, and reliability of data, which is a necessity for every settlement platform to operate. The Morpher Oracle comes in two flavors: a pull basedon-chain attestation data-service and a novel intent based oracle for EVM based chains. Both will include Data Feeds for US Equities, Commodities, Forex, and Crypto from the launch. The data is available in real-time, trustable, and able to be licensed to partners/developers. Morpher’s CEO Martin Froehler stated “Existing oracles could not power a real-time trading platform like Morpher. So we developed our own next generation, multi-sourced oracle which we are now making available to other projects on Radix and EVM chains.” Thomas Wiesner, Morpher’s CTO shares his vision for the oracle as "Our vision for the Morpher Oracle is to have the dev community continue to grow its robustness, adding more data streams, increasing the number of chains and further expanding the use cases past what we can currently imagine. We want to give a new tool to bring even more trust into blockchain." “We are super excited to see the release of the Morpher oracle live on Radix and available to use from today onwards - Morpher’s stack has already proven to be incredibly flexible and I look forward to what can be built, using their many data feeds, on Radix in the coming months.” -Piers Ridyard, CEO of RDX Works “We are super excited to see the release of the Morpher oracle live on Radix and available to use from today onwards - Morpher’s stack has already proven to be incredibly flexible and I look forward to what can be built, using their many data feeds, on Radix in the coming months.” -Piers Ridyard, CEO of RDX Works Available to use today for all developers and see how quickly and accurately the Radix coin price is shown in USD. About Morpher Morpher, headquartered in Vienna, Austria, has been at the cutting edge of decentralized finance since 2018. The platform empowers users to trade virtual copies of real-world financial markets using its proprietary protocol and MPH token. Supported by prominent investors like Tim Draper, Morpher is dedicated to making global financial markets universally accessible. For more information, visit https://www.morpher.com/new. https://www.morpher.com/new . https://www.morpher.com/new PR Contact Nick Stein Head of Growth nick@morpher.com nick@morpher.com nick@morpher.com +436603172205

Blockchain Trading Platform Morpher Releases  Open Source Data Oracle

La plataforma de comerç de Blockchain Morpher llança Oracle de dades de codi obert

La plataforma de comercio blockchain Morpher publica datos de código abierto de Oracle

A Morpher Blockchain Kereskedelmi Platform kiadja a nyílt forráskódú Oracle-t

ブロックチェーン取引プラットフォームMorpherがオープンソースデータOracleをリリース

ბლოკჩეინ სავაჭრო პლატფორმა Morpher ავრცელებს ღია კოდის მონაცემთა Oracle-ს

Blockchain Trading Platform Morpher Oracle ачык булак маалыматтарын чыгарат

Blockchain Trading Platform Morpher Oracle-ийн нээлттэй эхийн өгөгдлийг гаргажээ

د بلاکچین سوداګرۍ پلیټ فارم مورفر د خلاصې سرچینې ډیټا اوریکل خپروي

Blockchain Trading Platform Morpher විවෘත මූලාශ්‍ර දත්ත ඔරකල් නිකුත් කරයි

Blockchain Trading Platform Morpher wuxuu siidaayaa Xogta Oracle Isha Furan

Blockchain Ticaret Platformu Morpher Açık Kaynaklı Veri Oracle'ı Yayınladı

区块链交易平台 Morpher 发布开源数据预言机

A Step-by-step guide on how to use the .Net Aspire Oracle component in Visual Studio. .Net Aspire framework is used to develop cloud and production-ready distributed applications. It consists of components to handle cloud-native concerns such as Redis, Postgres, etc. Prerequisites Install .Net 8
Install Visual Studio 2022 version 17 or higher
.Net Aspire Workload
Container runtime such as Docker Desktop 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge Objectives Learn how to create a starter project using .Net Aspire with the Oracle EF Core component. Github Sample: The solution structure is divided into the following projects:- DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService
DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost
DotnetAspireChallenge.ServiceDefaults
DotnetAspireChallenge.Web Getting Started Step 1: Install the following NuGet package Install the following Nuget package into the subsequent project “DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost” dotnet add package Aspire.Hosting.Oracle In the above project, register a server database and consume the Oracle connection using the following code. var oracle = builder.AddOracle("oracle")
                        .AddDatabase("oracledb");
    
    var apiService = builder.AddProject<Projects.DotnetAspireChallenge_ApiService>("apiservice")
        .WithReference(oracle); Step 2: Install another NuGet package Install the following Nuget package into the subsequent project “DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService” dotnet add package Aspire.Oracle.EntityFrameworkCore then register the context into the Program.cs file as follows builder.AddOracleDatabaseDbContext<OracleDbContext>("oracledb"); Step 3: Create a “Customer” class public class Customer
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        
        [Required]
        public string Title { get; set; } = string.Empty;
        
        [Required]
        public string Description { get; set; } = string.Empty;
    } Step 4: Create an extension class Create an extension class and register a minimal API get method to demonstrate the Oracle EF context usage in the API Service public static class AspireOracleExtension
    {
        public static void MapOracleAspireEndpoint(this WebApplication app)
        {
            app.MapGet("/oracle", async (OracleDbContext oracleDbContext) =>
            {
                  await oracleDbContext.Customer.AddAsync(new Customer()
                  {
                      Title = "test@gmail.com",
                      Description = "sukh"
                  });
                  int rows = await oracleDbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
                  if (rows > 0)
                  {
                      return await oracleDbContext.Customer.FirstOrDefaultAsync();
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      return null;
                  }
            });
    
        }
    }
    
    
    internal class OracleDbContext(DbContextOptions options) : DbContext(options)
    {
        public DbSet<Customer> CustomersPgsql => Set<Customer>();
    } and finally, register in the Program.cs file app.MapOracleAspireEndpoint(); Step 5: Hit the GET endpoint Finally, navigate to the GET URL shown below in your browser. It will insert the specified customer into the Oracle database, retrieve the most recently inserted row, and display it as a response. Add additional connection string properties using the JSON syntax {
      "Aspire": {
        "Oracle": {
          "EntityFrameworkCore": {
            "DisableHealthChecks": true,
            "DisableTracing": true,
            "DisableMetrics": false,
            "DisableRetry": false,
            "Timeout": 30
          }
        }
      }
    } Congratulations..!! You’ve successfully integrated the Oracle component into the .Net Aspire project. Github Project: GitHub - ssukhpinder/DotnetAspireChallenge: 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge
Cheatsheet: Cheat Sheets — .Net A Step-by-step guide on how to use the .Net Aspire Oracle component in Visual Studio. .Net Aspire framework is used to develop cloud and production-ready distributed applications. It consists of components to handle cloud-native concerns such as Redis , Postgres , etc. Redis Postgres Prerequisites Install .Net 8 Install Visual Studio 2022 version 17 or higher .Net Aspire Workload Container runtime such as Docker Desktop Install .Net 8 .Net 8 Install Visual Studio 2022 version 17 or higher Visual Studio 2022 .Net Aspire Workload Container runtime such as Docker Desktop Docker Desktop 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge Objectives Learn how to create a starter project using .Net Aspire with the Oracle EF Core component. Github Sample : The solution structure is divided into the following projects:- Github Sample DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost DotnetAspireChallenge.ServiceDefaults DotnetAspireChallenge.Web DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost DotnetAspireChallenge.ServiceDefaults DotnetAspireChallenge.Web Getting Started Step 1: Install the following NuGet package Install the following Nuget package into the subsequent project “ DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost ” DotnetAspireChallenge.AppHost dotnet add package Aspire.Hosting.Oracle dotnet add package Aspire.Hosting.Oracle In the above project, register a server database and consume the Oracle connection using the following code. var oracle = builder.AddOracle("oracle")
                        .AddDatabase("oracledb");
    
    var apiService = builder.AddProject<Projects.DotnetAspireChallenge_ApiService>("apiservice")
        .WithReference(oracle); var oracle = builder.AddOracle("oracle")
                        .AddDatabase("oracledb");
    
    var apiService = builder.AddProject<Projects.DotnetAspireChallenge_ApiService>("apiservice")
        .WithReference(oracle); Step 2: Install another NuGet package Install the following Nuget package into the subsequent project “ DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService ” DotnetAspireChallenge.ApiService dotnet add package Aspire.Oracle.EntityFrameworkCore dotnet add package Aspire.Oracle.EntityFrameworkCore then register the context into the Program.cs file as follows builder.AddOracleDatabaseDbContext<OracleDbContext>("oracledb"); builder.AddOracleDatabaseDbContext<OracleDbContext>("oracledb"); Step 3: Create a “Customer” class public class Customer
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        
        [Required]
        public string Title { get; set; } = string.Empty;
        
        [Required]
        public string Description { get; set; } = string.Empty;
    } public class Customer
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        
        [Required]
        public string Title { get; set; } = string.Empty;
        
        [Required]
        public string Description { get; set; } = string.Empty;
    } Step 4: Create an extension class Create an extension class and register a minimal API get method to demonstrate the Oracle EF context usage in the API Service public static class AspireOracleExtension
    {
        public static void MapOracleAspireEndpoint(this WebApplication app)
        {
            app.MapGet("/oracle", async (OracleDbContext oracleDbContext) =>
            {
                  await oracleDbContext.Customer.AddAsync(new Customer()
                  {
                      Title = "test@gmail.com",
                      Description = "sukh"
                  });
                  int rows = await oracleDbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
                  if (rows > 0)
                  {
                      return await oracleDbContext.Customer.FirstOrDefaultAsync();
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      return null;
                  }
            });
    
        }
    }
    
    
    internal class OracleDbContext(DbContextOptions options) : DbContext(options)
    {
        public DbSet<Customer> CustomersPgsql => Set<Customer>();
    } public static class AspireOracleExtension
    {
        public static void MapOracleAspireEndpoint(this WebApplication app)
        {
            app.MapGet("/oracle", async (OracleDbContext oracleDbContext) =>
            {
                  await oracleDbContext.Customer.AddAsync(new Customer()
                  {
                      Title = "test@gmail.com",
                      Description = "sukh"
                  });
                  int rows = await oracleDbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
                  if (rows > 0)
                  {
                      return await oracleDbContext.Customer.FirstOrDefaultAsync();
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      return null;
                  }
            });
    
        }
    }
    
    
    internal class OracleDbContext(DbContextOptions options) : DbContext(options)
    {
        public DbSet<Customer> CustomersPgsql => Set<Customer>();
    } and finally, register in the Program.cs file app.MapOracleAspireEndpoint(); app.MapOracleAspireEndpoint(); Step 5: Hit the GET endpoint Finally, navigate to the GET URL shown below in your browser. It will insert the specified customer into the Oracle database, retrieve the most recently inserted row, and display it as a response. Add additional connection string properties using the JSON syntax {
      "Aspire": {
        "Oracle": {
          "EntityFrameworkCore": {
            "DisableHealthChecks": true,
            "DisableTracing": true,
            "DisableMetrics": false,
            "DisableRetry": false,
            "Timeout": 30
          }
        }
      }
    } {
      "Aspire": {
        "Oracle": {
          "EntityFrameworkCore": {
            "DisableHealthChecks": true,
            "DisableTracing": true,
            "DisableMetrics": false,
            "DisableRetry": false,
            "Timeout": 30
          }
        }
      }
    } Congratulations..!! You’ve successfully integrated the Oracle component into the .Net Aspire project. Github Project: GitHub - ssukhpinder/DotnetAspireChallenge: 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge Cheatsheet: Cheat Sheets — .Net Github Project: GitHub - ssukhpinder/DotnetAspireChallenge: 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge Github Project: GitHub - ssukhpinder/DotnetAspireChallenge: 10 Day .Net Aspire Challenge Cheatsheet: Cheat Sheets — .Net Cheatsheet: Cheat Sheets — .Net

10 Days of .Net Aspire: Day 4 — Using Oracle Component in Visual Studio 

Oracles are another interesting way to customize your experience in the Obyte ecosystem. They're like bridges that connect decentralized networks to the outside world. Distributed ledgers are excellent at securely storing and verifying data, but they can't access real-world information on their own. Oracles solve this by fetching data from external sources and feeding it into their system, enabling smart contracts to interact with real-world events, prices, and information. Oracles work by collecting data from various sources like APIs, websites, sensors, or other off-chain data providers. They upload this data to the chain and then you can find it by the address of the one who posted it (e.g., this is an Obyte oracle address, identical to any other wallet address: I2ADHGP4HL6J37NQAD73J7E5SKFIXJOT). Some oracles use a decentralized approach where multiple data sources are used to ensure accuracy and prevent manipulation. This mechanism helps ensure that the data is trustworthy and tamper-proof. On the other hand, you can easily set up your own personal oracle (data feed) for your specific use case, or let it be created by a close party, like a member of your family or coworker. This way, the oracle can offer any personalized information you can count on to make transactions among your inner circle, or with business partners. In Obyte, it’s possible to create your own oracle in a few minutes, without coding or technical steps. Potential Uses The use cases for oracles are vast and varied. In finance, they can provide real-time price feeds for cryptocurrencies and traditional assets, enabling decentralized finance (DeFi) applications like lending, trading, and insurance. In supply chain management, oracles can track and verify the status of goods in transit. They can also be used in gaming to bring in real-world events to affect gameplay, or in weather forecasting to trigger payouts in weather-based insurance policies. As for a personal oracle, the uses are only defined by yourself, because the data can only come from yourself. For instance, we can register the successful completion of a specific task by Alice (a daughter, a coworker, a partner, etc.). A conditional payment from the wallet could use this information to release funds automatically if we use that oracle address (the wallet address of the oracle operator) to create the smart contract (Chat – [Registered Contact] - Recipient’s address – Offer smart contract). **  ** Human or customized oracles could also work for rewards in family tokens. For example, parents can create an oracle that tracks if specific tasks are completed by their children. A supervisor (such as a parent) can create an oracle by sending data into the Obyte DAG, such as a task's completion status. When a child completes a task, the supervisor updates the oracle with a value like "Yes." The family token system can then automatically trigger a reward, sending the predefined tokens from the family treasury to the child’s wallet as a reward for completing the task. The same principle could apply to anything you like to use it for. Steps without coding First of all, you’ll need to download and back up an Obyte wallet, available as a light app for desktop and mobile. Next, in the “Receive” section, you can click “Get Me Coins” to buy some GBYTEs, needed for transaction fees —you’ll need around $0.00001 per transaction. There are other ways to buy GBYTEs with traditional money, and you can consult them in this full guide. Once the app is installed and with some GBYTEs available to spend, go to the “Send” section of the wallet. At the top of this page, you should see “What to send,” and a list below. From that list, instead of any asset, select “Data into datafeed (searchable).” To advance further, your account needs to be of a single address. If it’s not, then you’ll need to switch to your already created single-address account or create a new one from the main menu (Add account – Plain Account – Single Address Account). All new accounts are single-address by default. Beyond this, you’ll only need to fill the values of your data feed (oracle) in any way you want, including a name/title, and a result/answer. For instance, the name could be “Mary’s task,” and the result could be “Done.” Press “Send,” type your password if required, and that’s it! A small transaction fee will be taken from your wallet, and the oracle will be published on the Obyte DAG, available for everyone to consult —including smart contracts. **  ** Creating your own oracle here is easy, fast, secure, and inexpensive. Now, if you know how to code and want to make it more advanced, you can always check our documentation to create an oracle from scratch. Featured Vector Image by Freepik Oracles are another interesting way to customize your experience in the Obyte ecosystem. They're like bridges that connect decentralized networks to the outside world. Distributed ledgers are excellent at securely storing and verifying data, but they can't access real-world information on their own. Oracles solve this by fetching data from external sources and feeding it into their system, enabling smart contracts to interact with real-world events, prices, and information. Oracles work by collecting data from various sources like APIs, websites, sensors, or other off-chain data providers. They upload this data to the chain and then you can find it by the address of the one who posted it (e.g., this is an Obyte oracle address, identical to any other wallet address: I2ADHGP4HL6J37NQAD73J7E5SKFIXJOT). Some oracles use a decentralized approach where multiple data sources are used to ensure accuracy and prevent manipulation. This mechanism helps ensure that the data is trustworthy and tamper-proof. They upload this data to the chain and then you can find it by the address of the one who posted it On the other hand, you can easily set up your own personal oracle (data feed) for your specific use case, or let it be created by a close party, like a member of your family or coworker. This way, the oracle can offer any personalized information you can count on to make transactions among your inner circle, or with business partners. In Obyte, it’s possible to create your own oracle in a few minutes, without coding or technical steps. Potential Uses The use cases for oracles are vast and varied. In finance, they can provide real-time price feeds for cryptocurrencies and traditional assets, enabling decentralized finance (DeFi) applications like lending, trading, and insurance. In supply chain management, oracles can track and verify the status of goods in transit. They can also be used in gaming to bring in real-world events to affect gameplay, or in weather forecasting to trigger payouts in weather-based insurance policies. As for a personal oracle, the uses are only defined by yourself, because the data can only come from yourself. For instance, we can register the successful completion of a specific task by Alice (a daughter, a coworker, a partner, etc.). A conditional payment from the wallet could use this information to release funds automatically if we use that oracle address (the wallet address of the oracle operator) to create the smart contract (Chat – [Registered Contact] - Recipient’s address – Offer smart contract). As for a personal oracle, the uses are only defined by yourself, because the data can only come from yourself. the smart contract the smart contract ** ** Human or customized oracles could also work for rewards in family tokens . For example, parents can create an oracle that tracks if specific tasks are completed by their children. A supervisor (such as a parent) can create an oracle by sending data into the Obyte DAG, such as a task's completion status. family tokens family tokens When a child completes a task, the supervisor updates the oracle with a value like "Yes." The family token system can then automatically trigger a reward, sending the predefined tokens from the family treasury to the child’s wallet as a reward for completing the task. The same principle could apply to anything you like to use it for. Steps without coding Steps without coding First of all, you’ll need to download and back up an Obyte wallet , available as a light app for desktop and mobile. Next, in the “Receive” section, you can click “ Get Me Coins ” to buy some GBYTEs, needed for transaction fees —you’ll need around $0.00001 per transaction. There are other ways to buy GBYTEs with traditional money, and you can consult them in this full guide . Obyte wallet Obyte wallet Get Me Coins Get Me Coins this full guide this full guide Once the app is installed and with some GBYTEs available to spend, go to the “Send” section of the wallet. At the top of this page, you should see “What to send,” and a list below. From that list, instead of any asset, select “Data into datafeed (searchable).” To advance further, your account needs to be of a single address. If it’s not, then you’ll need to switch to your already created single-address account or create a new one from the main menu (Add account – Plain Account – Single Address Account). All new accounts are single-address by default. Once the app is installed and with some GBYTEs available to spend, go to the “Send” section of the wallet. Beyond this, you’ll only need to fill the values of your data feed (oracle) in any way you want, including a name/title, and a result/answer. For instance, the name could be “Mary’s task,” and the result could be “Done.” Press “Send,” type your password if required, and that’s it! A small transaction fee will be taken from your wallet, and the oracle will be published on the Obyte DAG , available for everyone to consult —including smart contracts. Obyte DAG Obyte DAG ** ** Creating your own oracle here is easy, fast, secure, and inexpensive. Now, if you know how to code and want to make it more advanced, you can always check our documentation to create an oracle from scratch. our documentation our documentation Featured Vector Image by Freepik Featured Vector Image by Freepik Freepik Freepik

Educational Byte: How to and why create your own oracle on Obyte?

শিক্ষাগত বাইট: কীভাবে এবং কেন ওবাইটে আপনার নিজের ওরাকল তৈরি করবেন?

Bildungsbyte: Wie und warum erstellen Sie Ihr eigenes Orakel auf Obyte?

Byte educativo: ¿Cómo y por qué crear tu propio oráculo en Obyte?

Educational Byte : Comment et pourquoi créer son propre oracle sur Obyte ?

शैक्षिक बाइट: ओबाइट पर अपना स्वयं का ओरेकल कैसे और क्यों बनाएं?

教育バイト: Obyte で独自のオラクルを作成する方法とその理由

Educational Byte: Obyte에서 자신만의 오라클을 만드는 방법과 이유는 무엇입니까?

Byte Educacional: Como e por que criar seu próprio oráculo no Obyte?

Educational Byte: Как и зачем создать свой собственный оракул на Obyte?

Eğitim Baytı: Obyte'de kendi kehanetinizi nasıl ve neden yaratabilirsiniz?

Byte giáo dục: Làm thế nào và tại sao lại tạo oracle của riêng bạn trên Obyte?

教育字节：如何以及为什么在 Obyte 上创建自己的 oracle？

I was inspired to write this blog post after reading a paper called "The Oracle Problem — Why Decentralising Everything is More Difficult than it Sounds" by Victor Hogrefe. As the title suggests, Victor argues that there are no good solutions for handling oracles on the blockchain. It may have been true six years ago when the paper was written, so kudos to Victor for proposing some potential ones back then. However, what struck me the most was that the author failed to consider that the oracles themselves can be decentralized. In this post, I'll explain why it's actually "not that difficult" to decentralize everything and how this issue has already been solved with the help of decentralized oracles. But first, let's take a small step back and learn what oracles are exactly. The Role Of Oracles Smart contracts are designed in a way to provide deterministic results. Their job is to take input, execute logic, and modify the state of the blockchain irreversibly. But the majority of events still happen off-chain. Allowing smart contracts to interact with these events has always been a double-edged sword. On one hand, this significantly increases the potential blockchain use cases but on the other —  poses serious security risks and trust issues. Oracles are here to help. They act as a bridge between blockchains and the external world and enable smart contracts to execute code based on real-world events and conditions. For example, to be able to bet on the outcome of a tennis match between Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic, you need a way to tell the smart contract who won. Since we don't live in the Metaverse yet, a smart contract can't know the outcome of the match — someone has to tell it who the winner is, so that the contract can payout to the winners. The big question is: who will be the one to tell the smart contract who won? We would need to trust this person or entity to be correct and honest... But wait a minute... Trust? That's not how things work in Web3. We don't want to trust. We want trustless. Decentralized Oracles In the original paper I mentioned in the beginning, the author overlooks the possibility of oracles being decentralized and is rather focused on discussing different algorithmic solutions, weaknesses, and potential attack vectors. What he doesn't consider is that the oracles themselves can be decentralized. Decentralized oracles, unlike the normal ones, rely on multiple independent nodes to fetch and validate information. This means there's no single point of failure, making it much harder to compromise the system. By using various mechanisms, such as multiple data sources, multiple oracles, or the need to have a stake in the system, decentralized oracles can prevent different sorts of malicious attacks, data corruption, or bribery. One such mechanism has been implemented by the UMA Protocol. UMA's Optimistic Oracles UMA is a leader in the oracles space, alongside Chainlink, which is the largest oracle protocol in the world. UMA's oracle system consists of two main components: the Optimistic Oracle and the Data Verification Mechanism (DVM). The principle is straightforward: anyone can submit an answer on-chain, and a dispute arises only if the answer is incorrect. The first layer of UMA's oracle system is the Optimistic Oracle. This layer is designed to quickly verify data optimistically, meaning that all submitted statements are true by default unless challenged. The second layer is the DVM (Data Verification Mechanism), which serves as a fallback for the Optimistic Oracle by resolving disputes if they occur. The entire system is efficient and cheap because it aims to prevent disputes in the first place. Here’s how it works: A smart contract requests a piece of data and sets a dispute period.
A proposer posts a bond and submits the data.
If no one disputes the data within the dispute period, the data is finalized, and the proposer gets their bond back.
If a dispute arises, the disputer posts a bond equal to the proposer’s bond and escalates the dispute to the DVM.
UMA token holders resolve the dispute within 48 hours. If the disputer is correct, they receive the proposer's bond as a reward, and vice versa. Use Cases Apart from the obvious use cases for oracles in DeFi, UMA's optimistic oracles offer much more flexibility, as practically anything can be submitted as a data point. Here are some projects that utilize UMA's Optimistic Oracles: Polymarket Polymarket is a decentralized predictions market, one of the most prominent DeFi apps lately. On Polymarket, you can place your bets on pretty much anything — from the winner of the Presidential Elections in 2024 to how many tweets Elon Musk will post this month Sherlock Sherlock is a risk management platform designed for DeFi. They run extensive DeFi audit contests where many security researchers compete for a bug bounty. Cozy Cosy is an open-source insurance protocol that allows users to provide and receive protection against predefined conditions, like a loss of funds or smart contract hacks. The use cases are quite diverse already and with the upcoming RWA narrative, the amount of projects using UMA's OOs will only get bigger. RWA Tokenization RWA tokenization is one of the most promising opportunities in crypto. It has the potential to unlock multi-trillion dollar markets and onboard millions of people into DeFi. Major institutions are launching tokenized funds, and the role of Oracles in this market is as important as it's ever been. Blackrock's BUIDL fund uses Chainlink to track real-world assets like US Treasury bill prices, dollar yields, etc. It allows investors to purchase tokens representing shares in the fund with "safe" assets and offers unmatched liquidity. As the sector grows, the demand for fast and accurate Oracle infrastructure and reliable data will grow significantly. Protocols like Chainlink, UMA, and Pyth are well-positioned to capture the majority of this market share. Conclusion We brought smart contracts to the world; now, it's time to bring the world into smart contracts. Allowing smart contracts to interact with the outside world seems like the next logical step in blockchain development. While DeFi remains one of the most promising and straightforward ways to onboard the next billion users, there are many ways in which oracles can be used: they can provide real-world data for various applications, from financial products and insurance to gaming and supply chain management. Decentralized oracles ensure that this data is accurate and trustworthy without relying on a single point of failure, opening a world of new possibilities for the technology. I was inspired to write this blog post after reading a paper called " The Oracle Problem — Why Decentralising Everything is More Difficult than it Sounds" by Victor Hogrefe. The Oracle Problem As the title suggests, Victor argues that there are no good solutions for handling oracles on the blockchain. It may have been true six years ago when the paper was written, so kudos to Victor for proposing some potential ones back then. good solutions However, what struck me the most was that the author failed to consider that the oracles themselves can be decentralized. In this post, I'll explain why it's actually "not that difficult" to decentralize everything and how this issue has already been solved with the help of decentralized oracles. But first, let's take a small step back and learn what oracles are exactly. The Role Of Oracles Smart contracts are designed in a way to provide deterministic results. Their job is to take input, execute logic, and modify the state of the blockchain irreversibly. But the majority of events still happen off-chain. Allowing smart contracts to interact with these events has always been a double-edged sword. On one hand, this significantly increases the potential blockchain use cases but on the other —  poses serious security risks and trust issues. Oracles are here to help. They act as a bridge between blockchains and the external world and enable smart contracts to execute code based on real-world events and conditions. For example, to be able to bet on the outcome of a tennis match between Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic, you need a way to tell the smart contract who won. Since we don't live in the Metaverse yet, a smart contract can't know the outcome of the match — someone has to tell it who the winner is, so that the contract can payout to the winners. know The big question is: who will be the one to tell the smart contract who won? We would need to trust this person or entity to be correct and honest... But wait a minute... Trust? trust Trust? That's not how things work in Web3. We don't want to trust. We want trustless. trustless. Decentralized Oracles In the original paper I mentioned in the beginning, the author overlooks the possibility of oracles being decentralized and is rather focused on discussing different algorithmic solutions, weaknesses, and potential attack vectors. What he doesn't consider is that the oracles themselves can be decentralized. Decentralized oracles, unlike the normal ones, rely on multiple independent nodes to fetch and validate information. This means there's no single point of failure, making it much harder to compromise the system. By using various mechanisms, such as multiple data sources, multiple oracles, or the need to have a stake in the system, decentralized oracles can prevent different sorts of malicious attacks, data corruption, or bribery. One such mechanism has been implemented by the UMA Protocol. UMA's Optimistic Oracles UMA is a leader in the oracles space, alongside Chainlink, which is the largest oracle protocol in the world. UMA's oracle system consists of two main components: the Optimistic Oracle and the Data Verification Mechanism (DVM). The principle is straightforward: anyone can submit an answer on-chain, and a dispute arises only if the answer is incorrect. The first layer of UMA's oracle system is the Optimistic Oracle. This layer is designed to quickly verify data optimistically, meaning that all submitted statements are true by default unless challenged. The second layer is the DVM (Data Verification Mechanism), which serves as a fallback for the Optimistic Oracle by resolving disputes if they occur. The entire system is efficient and cheap because it aims to prevent disputes in the first place. Here’s how it works: A smart contract requests a piece of data and sets a dispute period. A proposer posts a bond and submits the data. If no one disputes the data within the dispute period, the data is finalized, and the proposer gets their bond back. If a dispute arises, the disputer posts a bond equal to the proposer’s bond and escalates the dispute to the DVM. UMA token holders resolve the dispute within 48 hours. If the disputer is correct, they receive the proposer's bond as a reward, and vice versa. A smart contract requests a piece of data and sets a dispute period. A proposer posts a bond and submits the data. If no one disputes the data within the dispute period, the data is finalized, and the proposer gets their bond back. If a dispute arises, the disputer posts a bond equal to the proposer’s bond and escalates the dispute to the DVM. UMA token holders resolve the dispute within 48 hours. If the disputer is correct, they receive the proposer's bond as a reward, and vice versa. Use Cases Apart from the obvious use cases for oracles in DeFi, UMA's optimistic oracles offer much more flexibility, as practically anything can be submitted as a data point. anything Here are some projects that utilize UMA's Optimistic Oracles: Polymarket Polymarket is a decentralized predictions market, one of the most prominent DeFi apps lately. On Polymarket, you can place your bets on pretty much anything — from the winner of the Presidential Elections in 2024 to how many tweets Elon Musk will post this month Sherlock Sherlock is a risk management platform designed for DeFi. They run extensive DeFi audit contests where many security researchers compete for a bug bounty. Cozy Cosy is an open-source insurance protocol that allows users to provide and receive protection against predefined conditions, like a loss of funds or smart contract hacks. The use cases are quite diverse already and with the upcoming RWA narrative, the amount of projects using UMA's OOs will only get bigger. RWA Tokenization RWA tokenization is one of the most promising opportunities in crypto. It has the potential to unlock multi-trillion dollar markets and onboard millions of people into DeFi. Major institutions are launching tokenized funds, and the role of Oracles in this market is as important as it's ever been. Blackrock's BUIDL fund uses Chainlink to track real-world assets like US Treasury bill prices, dollar yields, etc. It allows investors to purchase tokens representing shares in the fund with " safe " assets and offers unmatched liquidity. safe As the sector grows, the demand for fast and accurate Oracle infrastructure and reliable data will grow significantly. Protocols like Chainlink, UMA, and Pyth are well-positioned to capture the majority of this market share. Conclusion We brought smart contracts to the world; now, it's time to bring the world into smart contracts. Allowing smart contracts to interact with the outside world seems like the next logical step in blockchain development. While DeFi remains one of the most promising and straightforward ways to onboard the next billion users, there are many ways in which oracles can be used: they can provide real-world data for various applications, from financial products and insurance to gaming and supply chain management. Decentralized oracles ensure that this data is accurate and trustworthy without relying on a single point of failure, opening a world of new possibilities for the technology.

The Oracle Solution: Why Decentralizing Everything Is Less Difficult Than it Sounds

ওরাকল সমাধান: কেন সবকিছুর বিকেন্দ্রীকরণ শোনার চেয়ে কম কঠিন

Die Oracle-Lösung: Warum die Dezentralisierung des Ganzen weniger schwierig ist, als es klingt

La solución de Oracle: por qué descentralizar todo es menos difícil de lo que parece

La solution Oracle : pourquoi tout décentraliser est moins difficile qu'il n'y paraît

ऑरेकल समाधान: सब कुछ विकेंद्रीकृत करना जितना लगता है उससे कम कठिन क्यों है

Oracle ソリューション: すべてを分散化することが思ったほど難しくない理由

Oracle 솔루션: 모든 것을 분산화하는 것이 생각보다 덜 어려운 이유

A solução Oracle: por que descentralizar tudo é menos difícil do que parece

Решение Oracle: почему децентрализация всего проще, чем кажется

Oracle Çözümü: Her Şeyi Merkezi Olmayan Hale Getirmek Neden Sanıldığından Daha Kolaydır?

Giải pháp của Oracle: Tại sao việc phân cấp mọi thứ lại ít khó khăn hơn bạn tưởng

预言机解决方案：为何去中心化一切并没有听起来那么困难

Step 1: Install the necessary libraries To connect to a database and query data, you need to install the following two libraries: pandas: A Python library for data analysis, including functions for reading and writing data.
sqlalchemy: A Python library for interacting with relational databases, allowing you to use Python with various databases. You can install these libraries using the following command in the command prompt or terminal: pip install pandas
pip install sqlalchemy Step 2: Connect to the database Connecting to a database requires the following information: Database Type: The type of database you want to connect to, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.
Host Name: The host name or IP address where the database is located.
Port Number: The port number of the database, usually the default port number.
Username: The username required to connect to the database.
Password: The password required to connect to the database.
Database Name: The name of the database you want to connect to. You can use the following Python code to connect to the database: from sqlalchemy import create_engine

# Connect to a MySQL database
engine = create_engine('mysql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to a PostgreSQL database
engine = create_engine('postgresql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to an Oracle database, requires cx_Oracle library to be installed
engine = create_engine('oracle+cx_oracle://username:password@hostname:port/databasename') Step 3: Query data using the read_sql function Use the read_sql function from pandas to query data from the database. The read_sql function requires two parameters: SQL Query: The SQL query you want to execute.
Database Connection: The database connection you created earlier. Here is an example of querying data: import pandas as pd

# Execute SQL query and store the result in a DataFrame
df = pd.read_sql('SELECT * FROM mytable', engine)

# Print the DataFrame
print(df) Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on LinkedIn or X(@Luca_DataTeam). Happy exploring!👋 Step 1: Install the necessary libraries To connect to a database and query data, you need to install the following two libraries: pandas: A Python library for data analysis, including functions for reading and writing data. sqlalchemy: A Python library for interacting with relational databases, allowing you to use Python with various databases. pandas : A Python library for data analysis, including functions for reading and writing data. pandas sqlalchemy : A Python library for interacting with relational databases, allowing you to use Python with various databases. sqlalchemy You can install these libraries using the following command in the command prompt or terminal: pip install pandas
pip install sqlalchemy pip install pandas
pip install sqlalchemy Step 2: Connect to the database Connecting to a database requires the following information: Database Type: The type of database you want to connect to, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc. Host Name: The host name or IP address where the database is located. Port Number: The port number of the database, usually the default port number. Username: The username required to connect to the database. Password: The password required to connect to the database. Database Name: The name of the database you want to connect to. Database Type : The type of database you want to connect to, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc. Database Type Host Name : The host name or IP address where the database is located. Host Name Port Number : The port number of the database, usually the default port number. Port Number Username : The username required to connect to the database. Username Password : The password required to connect to the database. Password Database Name : The name of the database you want to connect to. Database Name You can use the following Python code to connect to the database: from sqlalchemy import create_engine

# Connect to a MySQL database
engine = create_engine('mysql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to a PostgreSQL database
engine = create_engine('postgresql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to an Oracle database, requires cx_Oracle library to be installed
engine = create_engine('oracle+cx_oracle://username:password@hostname:port/databasename') from sqlalchemy import create_engine

# Connect to a MySQL database
engine = create_engine('mysql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to a PostgreSQL database
engine = create_engine('postgresql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename')

# Connect to an Oracle database, requires cx_Oracle library to be installed
engine = create_engine('oracle+cx_oracle://username:password@hostname:port/databasename') Step 3: Query data using the read_sql function Use the read_sql function from pandas to query data from the database. The read_sql function requires two parameters: SQL Query: The SQL query you want to execute. Database Connection: The database connection you created earlier. SQL Query : The SQL query you want to execute. SQL Query Database Connection : The database connection you created earlier. Database Connection Here is an example of querying data: import pandas as pd

# Execute SQL query and store the result in a DataFrame
df = pd.read_sql('SELECT * FROM mytable', engine)

# Print the DataFrame
print(df) import pandas as pd

# Execute SQL query and store the result in a DataFrame
df = pd.read_sql('SELECT * FROM mytable', engine)

# Print the DataFrame
print(df) Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on LinkedIn or X (@Luca_DataTeam). Happy exploring!👋 LinkedIn X

How to Connect to Oracle, MySql and PostgreSQL Databases Using Python

Introduction Proficiency in database management is an essential skill for data analysts. Oftentimes, colleagues from different departments need quick access to specific datasets, making the traditional method of exporting Excel files from databases inefficient and time-consuming. A more effective approach involves creating new user accounts in the database and granting them appropriate viewing rights. This allows colleagues to seamlessly connect to the database using tools like Power BI or Power Query, enabling them to access necessary data tables promptly and efficiently. This streamlined process fosters collaboration and supports decision-making across organizational departments. data-driven Creating a new user To create a new user in the Oracle database, you can execute the following SQL command: CREATE USER 'USERNAME' IDENTIFIED BY 'PASSWORD'; For example: CREATE USER TEST_USER IDENTIFIED BY TEST123; Granting the Connect Role After creating a new user, attempting to connect may result in an error message: [72000][1045] ORA-01045: user TEST_USER lacks CREATE SESSION privilege; logon denied To enable the user to connect to the database, you must grant the CONNECT role: GRANT CONNECT TO TEST_USER; Merely connecting is not enough - make sure to grant the RESOURCE privilege to allow access to the tables. GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO TEST_USER; Table privilege To grant specific privileges on tables to a user, you can utilize the GRANT command on specific table TO user. For example: GRANT SELECT ON schema.table_name TO TEST_USER; If you wish to provide the user with options beyond selection, such as insertion, updating, and deletion, you may proceed with the execution of the following command. GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON schema.table_name TO TEST_USER; Delete a user To remove a user from the database, you can execute the following SQL command: DROP USER TEST_USER; Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on or (@Luca_DataTeam). You can also catch glimpses of my personal life on , Happy exploring!👋 LinkedIn X Instagram Also published . here

Database Management: Creating and Granting User Access in Oracle

Using Python to Save a Dataframe into Oracle Database You can use the library in combination with the and libraries to save a dataframe to an Oracle database in Python. pandas sqlalchemy cx_Oracle import pandas as pd
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
import cx_Oracle

# Create an SQLAlchemy engine using the connection
engine = create_engine('oracle://username:password@hostname:port/service_name')

# Save the dataframe to the Oracle database and lowercase your_table_name 
df.to_sql('your_table_name', con=engine, if_exists='replace', index=False) Replace , , , , and with your actual Oracle database credentials and connection details. 'username' 'password' 'hostname' 'port' 'service_name' Please replace with the actual lowercase name of the table in your Oracle database. Otherwise, you may encounter . your_table_name InvalidRequestError: Could not reflect: requested table(s) not available in Engine When you run this script, it will establish a connection to the database, create a sample dataframe, and then save the dataframe to the specified table in the Oracle database. Oracle Make sure the table structure has been created in the database before proceeding. Option 1: Create Table Structure using SQL Keep in mind that you will need to create the table structure in the Oracle database before attempting to save the dataframe to it. The table structure should match the structure of the dataframe in terms of column names and data types. You can create the table structure in your Oracle database using SQL. Here's an example of how you might create a table in Oracle to match the structure of your dataframe: CREATE TABLE your_table_name (
    column1_name  column1_data_type,
    column2_name  column2_data_type,
    ...
); Option 2: Create Table Structure using Python You can run the SQL script in Python using the method provided by the SQLAlchemy library. Here's an example of how you can execute an SQL script after creating the engine: engine.execute() from sqlalchemy import create_engine

# Create an engine
engine = create_engine('oracle://username:password@hostname:port/database_name')

# SQL script to create a table
sql_script =
CREATE TABLE your_table_name (
    column1_name  column1_data_type,
    column2_name  column2_data_type,
    ...
);

# Execute the SQL script
with engine.connect() as connection:
    connection.execute(sql_script) Make sure to replace , , , etc., with your actual table and column names and data types. your_table_name column1_name column1_data_type Conclusion Once the table structure is in place, you can then use the method I mentioned earlier to save the dataframe to the Oracle database. The method will automatically insert the data from the dataframe into the existing table in the database as long as the column names and data types match. to_sql Thank you for taking the time to explore data-related insights with me. I appreciate your engagement. If you find this information helpful, I invite you to follow me or connect with me on . Happy exploring!👋 LinkedIn

Saving Dataframes into Oracle Database with Python

Most modern DBMSs (Database Management System) are relational, i.e., they represent in the form of a two—dimensional table in which there are rows (records) and columns (fields of records). But in practice, we often come across a different data organization, namely hierarchical. data Hierarchical queries are an important tool in the field of data management, allowing you to work effectively with hierarchical data structures such as organizational trees, category trees, genealogical structures, etc. These queries play a key role in identifying relationships between data and extracting information in the form of tree structures. The problem is that data with a hierarchical structure is very poorly represented in the relational model. The SQL-92 standard does not have the means to process them. But such tools appeared in the SQL-1999 standard. However, by that time, Oracle already had its own operator. Despite this, in SQL 1999, the syntax of recursive queries is completely different from the syntax in Oracle and uses the keyword. The implementation of recursive queries in other DBMS is somewhat late, so it appeared in only in version 2005. CONNECT BY CONNECT BY WITH MS SQL Server As well as in syntax, there are differences in terminology. In Oracle, commonly discussed queries are called “hierarchical,” while all others are “recursive.” The essence of this does not change; I will use both. In this article, we will focus on the consideration of hierarchical queries in two popular database management systems - Oracle and PostgreSQL. Both platforms have unique features and approaches to processing hierarchical data, and our introduction to them will allow the reader to better understand the context of their application. A hierarchical structure can be represented as a set of nodes, where each node is connected to one or more nodes at a higher level. Important terms include parents, children, leaves, and roots. Examples of hierarchical structures include company organizational trees, family family trees, category trees in online stores, class hierarchies in educational institutions, and more. Implementation in Oracle For demonstration, we will use a test employee table consisting of 3 fields: – ID, id - is the name of the employee, name - is the ID of the manager (refers to the ID of another record in the same table) manager_id create table test_employees (
	id number primary key,	
	name varchar2(32),
	manager_id number
); Let's fill the table with test data according to the following tree: insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (1, 'Henry Anderson', null);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (2, 'Julia Miller', 1);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (3, 'Mark White', 1);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (4, 'Paul Scott', 2);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (5, 'Daniel Hill', 2);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (6, 'Maria Lopez', 3);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (7, 'Monika Moore', 3);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (8, 'Alex Smith', 4);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (9, 'Brandon Brown', 4);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (10, 'Elizabeth Jackson', 5);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (11, 'Kevin Green', 6);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (12, 'Jessica Johnson', 7);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (13, 'Lisa Williams', 7);

insert into test_employees(id, name, manager_id)
values (14, 'Angela Martinez', 7); In Oracle, hierarchical queries appeared in version 8, long before the standard appeared. Therefore, a completely different syntax is still used. The optional operator tells the Oracle where to start the loop, i.e. which row (or strings) will be the root. The condition can be almost anything, you can even use functions or internal queries: , or , or even . START WITH manager_id is null manager_id = 1 name like 'Henry%' The operator is required. It establishes a relationship between the parent and child elements of the hierarchy. In the condition of the operator, it is absolutely necessary to use the unary operator, which refers to the previous record. CONNECT BY CONNECT BY PRIOR How does it work? Oracle finds the first record that satisfies the condition in , and starts looking for the next one. At the same time, that first entry can be accessed via . If we did everything correctly, then Oracle will search for records in which the field for storing information about the parent ( ) will contain a value equal to the id of our first record. START WITH PRIOR manager_id This way, all descendants of the root record will be found. And since the process is recursive, a similar search will continue with each row found until all the descendants are found. It is also possible to use the rownum pseudo column, in which the rows are numbered starting from 1 in the order in which they are issued. And the pseudo-column , which shows the level in the hierarchy, will also be very useful to us. So, the 1st record will have level 1, its descendants level 2, descendants of descendants - 3, etc. LEVEL select level, te.id, te.manager_id, te.name 
from test_employees te
start with te.manager_id is null
connect by prior te.id = te.manager_id
order siblings by te.id Using the keyword, we say that you need to sort only within one level of the hierarchy. This will become more clear if you remove all unnecessary fields in the request and add margins: siblings select lpad('     ', 3 * level) || te.name as Tree
from test_employees te
start with te.manager_id is null
connect by prior te.id = te.manager_id
order siblings by te.id TREE
   Henry Anderson
      Julia Miller
         Paul Scott
            Alex Smith
            Brandon Brown
         Daniel Hill
            Elizabeth Jackson
      Mark White
         Maria Lopez
            Kevin Green
         Monika Moore
            Jessica Johnson
            Lisa Williams
            Angela Martinez is a parameter for excluding cyclic references. Use this parameter along with the pseudocolumn to see which rows contain the loop. NOCYCLE CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE Implementation in PostgreSQL We use the same test table. create table test_employees (
	id integer primary key,	
	name text,
	manager_id integer
); Queries to fill the table with data will look exactly the same as in Oracle. with recursive employees(id, manager_id, name) as (
	select te.id, te.manager_id, te.name
	from test_employees te
	where te.manager_id is null

	union all
	
	select te.id, te.manager_id, te.name
	from employees e, test_employees te
	where  te.manager_id = e.id
	)
select id, manager_id, name from employees e; Calculating a recursive query: The non-recursive part is calculated. For (but not ), duplicate rows are discarded. All remaining rows are included in the result of the recursive query and are also placed in a temporary worktable. The non-recursive part is an analog of for an oracle query. UNION UNION ALL START WITH While the worksheet is not empty, the following steps are repeated: The recursive part is calculated so that the recursive reference to the query itself refers to the current contents of the worksheet. For UNION (but not UNION ALL), duplicate rows and rows duplicating previously received ones are discarded. All remaining rows are included in the result of the recursive query and are also placed in a temporary intermediate table. The contents of the worktable are replaced with the contents of the intermediate table, and then the intermediate table is cleared. What are the other differences from the Oracle? There are no amenities like level, but they can be done on their own: with recursive employees(id, level, manager_id, name) as (
	select te.id, 1, te.manager_id, te.name
	from test_employees te
	where te.manager_id is null

	union all
	
	select te.id, e.level + 1, te.manager_id, te.name
	from employees e, test_employees te
	where  te.manager_id = e.id
	)
select id, level, manager_id, name from employees e; Recommendations for choosing between Oracle and PostgreSQL for hierarchical data The decision between Oracle and to process hierarchical data depends on a number of factors. PostgreSQL : If the data structure is a complex hierarchy with a large number of nesting levels, Oracle can provide more efficient query execution due to its optimized implementation. Data structure In the case of large enterprises with high performance and support requirements, Oracle can provide a complete set of tools and functionality to handle complex hierarchies. The scale of the project: Open source-oriented PostgreSQL may be a more flexible solution for projects that need the freedom to adapt to changes in hierarchical data. Flexibility and extensibility: In general, the capabilities of PostgreSQL are about the same as in Oracle, although, in my opinion, it is a little less convenient and transparent.

Hierarchical Queries: Comparative Analysis in Oracle and PostgreSQL

Joey looked out his front window, contemplating Coit Tower. He thought of Artie who had changed his life forever on the crookest street in the world. It felt like a dream when he thought back. Was that day real when he met Artie on this curvy brick street? No matter how unreal those times seemed now, he knew they had happened. His very expensive house on the exclusive brick section of Lombard Street was proof for sure. When Artie gifted him this incredible view of the bay, Joey’s life was forever changed. In the thirty-plus years he had been there, a day did not pass he did not think of and thank Artie for the view. He had met Artie in North Beach. Artie was from out of town. Joey found his British accent charming. Artie had a room at the Fairmont atop Nob Hill while Joey was renting a flat in the basement of an ancient building. Joey’s mind wandered to joyful times spent gallivanting up and down Nob Hill. Artie was a successful writer who traveled the world. Joey and Artie fell deeply in love during those halcyon days. Artie was just in San Francisco for a summer conference. Joey was surprised to hear him say he lived in Sri Lanka. However, any time he was on the West Coast he would come to San Francisco to visit Joey. The last time had been back in 1993. “Joey come visit me on Lombard Street,” said Artie on the telephone “Lombard Street. You are not staying on Nob Hill anymore?” Joey asked. “No, I am over on Lombard Street, 1040 Lombard Street. Come on over Joey I have a surprise for you.” Artie’s voice was pregnant with mystery. Joey was on the most crooked street in the world within the hour. The front window looked out on the bay. He could see the Oakland Bay Bridge and Treasure Island in the distance. San Francisco was an especially magical place back in those days. A place where a poor kid from Turlock might be gifted a dream home on a magical street in a magical city. “What!?” Joey was incredulous that such a gift could be given or would be given. He loved Artie and Artie loved him. Yes, they had a special bond, but a house seemed like too much. “I don’t have any money for a down payment Artie? I cannot afford the mortgage payment even if I did.” “It doesn’t matter Joey. I am giving it to you. It is already paid for. I just have to put the deed in your name,” Artie explained calmly. “I don’t understand. Why?” Joey asked Joey’s revelry was broken when he noticed some rather large SUVs parked in the street. He did not recognize them. Ever since the street had been closed to vehicles other than locals, strange autos on the brick road were conspicuous. Eight men in dark suits exited the vehicles as Joey watched. “NSA!” The men shouted at Joey They surrounded Joey. He was hustled through his front door. Within seconds they were in his living room. “We are here to deliver this,” said one of the suits. He thrust an envelope into Joey’s hand. No one had shown Joey any ID, but he had seen weapons. Joey was unsure what to do. He sat for a moment and then opened the envelope. In it, he found a note in a strange language. A language he never thought he would actually need, Harrapan. Artie had taught Joey Harrapan all those years ago. He had never heard anyone speak about the language. It was a mystery to Joey why Artie had been so adamant that Joey learn the language as part of getting the deed to the house. “This IS the mortgage Joey and mortgages aren’t easy to pay,” Artie explained. Now Joey was looking at a note partially written in Harrapan. The English language portion of the note was about the Clarke-Asimov Treaty. Joey was not unfamiliar with the Clarke-Asimov Treaty. Joey was a big science fiction buff. He had read Asimov’s Foundation series multiple times. He particularly loved Arthur C. Clarke’s Childhood’s End story. He recalled the stories about how Arthur C. Clarke and Isaac Asimov developed an amicable rivalry. It was legendary within science–fiction fandom. The rivalry eventually led to the Clarke–Asimov Treaty. The Clarke–Asimov Treaty stated that each author would refer to the other as the world’s greatest writer in his specialty — and refer to himself as merely second–best. Under these terms, Asimov would crown Clarke as the best science–fiction author ever, while Clarke would anoint Asimov as the greatest science writer. Of course, each could publicly crown himself a close second to the other. The two reputedly created the pact during a shared cab ride. The only time either acknowledged this treaty was in Clarke’s dedication to his book, Report on Planet Three. In that book, Clarke wrote: “In accordance with the terms of the Clarke–Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.” Joey always wondered if his “friend” Artie was THE Arthur C. Clarke. He sure looked like all of the photos…kind of. Artie was a big fan of those early writers of science fiction. Artie used to always talk about how coincidental it was that Isaac Asimov and Robert Heinlein had worked at the Philadelphia Naval Yard during World War II. He hinted at some top-secret work Asimov had been exposed to during World War II. Sometimes if he drank a little too much he would say Asimov told Arthur C. Clarke something “special” about the Philadelphia Experiment. In the morning though, he would deny or claim to remember nothing. Joey often asked him about UFOs. Artie would laugh. “Aliens”, he would say with a chuckle, “We don’t need no stinking aliens!” “Well?” asked one of the suits who was not pointing a gun at him startling him from his reflections on the Clarke-Asimov Treaty. Joey looked up. There were three other large men holding large assault weapons aimed in his direction. He felt scared. He struggled to remember anything Arthur had taught him in Harrapan. “I cann…can’t remember,” he pleaded. The suit in front of Joey raised his hand. Joey cowered fearing he was about to be struck. The suit signaled for his compatriots to lower their weapons. “Don’t be afraid. We’re here from your government,” he explained softly. “Don’t worry. My name is Jack. We are with the NSA. You are not in trouble. We just need your help,” he continued. Joey looked like a deer in headlights. He stared at the symbols on the piece of paper. His mind went back to his days with Artie. He remembered Artie talking about the language of a long-lost ancient civilization. The Harrapan script was a mix of letters, but also of glyphs which meant a whole word or concept. He remembered Artie trying to teach him, but the fact that some symbols were whole words while others were simply letters was difficult to tease out of the text. “Look, my name is John Stick. We are with the NSA. We need you to read this text in the native tongue. Intelligence reports you may be the only person on the planet who can read this piece of paper and speak the phrase in the native tongue,” explained the suit as he flashed an official-looking identification card. “What? Why me? I cannot read this,” Joey said weakly. “ I cannot speak Harrapan.” “Harrapan! Yes, that is exactly what you need to do,” shouted the suit named John excitedly. Joey’s mind raced. The symbols did look familiar somehow. He thought about Artie. He smiled. The two had many beautiful moments on the beaches around San Francisco. Joey heard himself whisper, “Jo-E korgin qa Ahrrt-E. Artie loves Joey.” “That’s it!” shouted a woman with a small device in her hand. Suddenly, windows started breaking in the front of the house. It was not just the windows. Everything was breaking. The room was being peppered with bullets. “Vykhod!” The man who called himself John Stick ordered and directed. Everyone moved to the back of the house except Joey. All of the suits and the woman fled out the back as soon as there was a moment of silence. Joey just laid behind his couch shaking as he watched them run to his garage. “FBI! FBI! Hands up. Hands up. Show yourself now or be shot!” There were many loud voices and orders being shouted. “He’s here. He’s here! Joey stood up from behind the couch cautiously. He touched his chest and other parts of his body incredulous there was no blood or injury. He started to cry. “You are not hurt! What did you tell them?” “Tell who? They were the NSA,” Joey defended the fact he had translated the note. He didn’t know who was who anymore. “Look. I am Paul Jerome from the FBI,” said a tall red-haired man with a beard. “Those people were not from the NSA. They were Russians. They blew up the Georgia Guide stones last year.” “Really?” Joey was now interested because he had wondered why these had been blown up. He had planned on visiting them last year while making his annual trip to visit his father in South Carolina. However, traffic in Atlanta had been bad so he skipped the trip. A month later, they were partially blown up and then mysteriously demolished with heavy equipment by local authorities within hours. “Yes, the Russians were looking for the time capsule underneath the guide stones.” “Did they find it?” Joey asked inquisitively “Yes, and that note they gave you was what was in it! We need you to tell us what you read there. Your voice and your voice alone can decode the video squirreled away somewhere on the Ethereum blockchain. The location of the fabled Black Pyramid of the Urals is revealed in the video. This is the real reason for the War in Ukraine. Allegedly, the Ukrainians somehow discovered the location of this ancient structure and discovered its secrets. The Black Pyramid contains a cache of ancient technology. This technology is capable of generating enormous power. These are essentially weapons of mass destruction…in the eyes of many.” Alarm bells went off in his head. He knew he must cooperate or end up in Guantanamo. The next words confirmed this for him. “This is a matter of NATIONAL SECURITY Joseph,” the FBI agent said matter-of-factly. “You are the ‘oracle’. Your voiceprint of this message will complete the smart contract and release the video.” “Yessir,” Joey responded obediently. “It was Harrapan sir. This is what I said.” Joey paused and then said “Jo-E korgin qa Ahrrt-E. Artie loves Joey.” He spoke directly into the device thrust into his face. Also published here.

Oracle on Lombard Street: The Harrapan Revelation

The previous articles discussed how to recover a node after losing " " and " " This time, let's try to recover from losing both binaries. only the DB BINARIES only the GRID BINARIES. My configuration
Oracle RAC with 2 nodes: ol8-19-rac1 and ol8-19-rac2
CDB: cdbrac1
PBD: pdb1

Grid Version
34318175;TOMCAT RELEASE UPDATE 19.0.0.0.0 (34318175)
34160635;OCW RELEASE UPDATE 19.16.0.0.0 (34160635)
34139601;ACFS RELEASE UPDATE 19.16.0.0.0 (34139601)
34133642;Database Release Update : 19.16.0.0.220719 (34133642)
33575402;DBWLM RELEASE UPDATE 19.0.0.0.0 (33575402)

DB Version
34086870;OJVM RELEASE UPDATE: 19.16.0.0.220719 (34086870)
34160635;OCW RELEASE UPDATE 19.16.0.0.0 (34160635)
34133642;Database Release Update : 19.16.0.0.220719 (34133642)

When you see <dbenv>, load the DB HOME variables.
When you see <gridenv>, load the GRID HOME variables.

When you see <bnode>, execute the command on the broken node.
When you see <anode>, execute the command on any other working node. I am using an installation where both DB and GRID are installed under the user ORACLE, and I set the variables to access each environment. But the same procedure works even if the installation is done using two different users (usually oracle e grid). Always validate any procedure before you try it in a production environment. Scenario C - DB and GRID Binaries Corrupted On ol8-19-rac2 After Applying a Patch This time, we will combine previous solutions to complete the job. For the sake of simplicity, I'll only provide the steps needed, and you can check how to execute them in the previous articles. I. From the article on , execute the following steps: DB Binaries Backup the $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin. Deinstall the DB binaries. II. From the article on , execute all the steps. GRID Binaries III. From the article on , execute the following steps: DB Binaries Add the node back. Add the instance back. If needed, restore the $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin on the ex-broken node. Voilà, that's it. Now, your database is supposed to be back online on the ex-broken node.

Fixing Oracle RAC Node Problems With Addnode: GRID and DB Binaries

In this tutorial, we'll explore how to use SQL expressions for validation in Oracle APEX. SQL expressions are like smart rules that help you decide if the data entered in your application is correct. We'll go through the process step by step and provide examples to make it easy to understand. What is an SQL Expression for Validation? An SQL expression for validation is like a detective checking if something is true or false in your application. It's a way to define a condition that must be met for data to be considered valid. If the condition is true, the data is accepted; if it's false, you'll get an . Oracle APEX error message Creating an SQL Expression Validation Let's walk through the process of creating an SQL expression validation: Go to Page Designer: Open your Oracle APEX application and go to "Page Designer." Select Your Page Item: Choose the page item that you want to validate. In our example, we'll use . P2_JOB Add a Validation: In the properties of the selected page item, go to the "Validation" section and click on "Add." Choose Validation Type: Select "SQL Expression" as the validation type. This tells APEX that we're going to use an SQL expression to validate our data. Define the SQL Expression: In the "SQL Expression" field, enter your SQL code. Let's say we want to validate that the job is either 'MANAGER' or the department is located in 'CHICAGO'. Here's the SQL expression: :P2_JOB = 'MANAGER' OR
EXISTS (
    SELECT 1
    FROM dept
    WHERE deptno = :P2_DEPTNO
    AND loc = 'CHICAGO'
) This SQL expression checks if is 'MANAGER' or if the department specified by is located in 'CHICAGO'. If either condition is true, the data is valid. P2_JOB P2_DEPTNO Set Validation Attributes: You can further customize your validation by setting attributes like error message text, error message display location, and more. Save and Run: Save your validation, and now, when a user enters data in , it will be checked against your SQL expression. If it meets the conditions, it's valid; otherwise, an error message will be displayed. P2_JOB Additional Examples Example 1: Checking Age Limit Let's say you have a page item where users enter their age. You want to make sure they are older than 18. Here's the SQL expression: P3_AGE :P3_AGE > 18 This SQL expression checks if the age entered in is greater than 18. If it is, the data is valid. P3_AGE Example 2: Validating Email Format Suppose you have a page item where users enter their email addresses. You want to validate that the email follows a proper format. Here's the SQL expression: P4_EMAIL REGEXP_LIKE(:P4_EMAIL, '^[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\\.[A-Za-z]{2,4}$') This SQL expression uses a to check if the email address matches a valid format. regular expression Example 3: Ensuring Unique Usernames If you have a page item where users enter their usernames, you may want to ensure that the username is unique. Here's the SQL expression: P5_USERNAME NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT 1
    FROM users
    WHERE username = :P5_USERNAME
) This SQL expression checks if the username entered in doesn't already exist in the user’s table. P5_USERNAME Testing the SQL Expression Validation To test your SQL expression validation, simply run your APEX application and enter different values in the respective page items. The validation will check if the conditions are met and provide error messages when needed. Conclusion SQL expressions for validation in Oracle APEX are like detectives ensuring that your data is correct. In this tutorial, we learned how to create an SQL expression validation, define the SQL code, and customize its attributes.

A Quick Tutorial on Using SQL Expressions for Validation in Oracle APEX

Hello, and welcome back to the last part of . In this part, let’s run some tests on our multipath disks. our article Testing the multipath disks --check the multipath disks
root@has03:/ $> multipath -ll
mpdata1 (36589cfc000000580ddee277e9cda411e) dm-2 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:2 sdf 8:80  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:2 sdi 8:128 active ready running
mpfra1 (36589cfc000000f5feabc996aa1a12876) dm-3 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:3 sdg 8:96  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:3 sdj 8:144 active ready running
mpdata2 (36589cfc00000025b4072a1536ade2f9d) dm-4 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:1 sde 8:64  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:1 sdh 8:112 active ready running

--shutdown the device enp0s8  
root@has03:/ $> nmcli con down enp0s8
Connection 'enp0s8' successfully deactivated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4)

--check the disks, now we have a "failed faulty" path
root@has03:/ $> multipath -ll
mpdata1 (36589cfc000000580ddee277e9cda411e) dm-2 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
| `- 7:0:0:2 sdf 8:80  failed faulty running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
  `- 8:0:0:2 sdi 8:128 active ready running
mpfra1 (36589cfc000000f5feabc996aa1a12876) dm-3 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
| `- 7:0:0:3 sdg 8:96  failed faulty running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
  `- 8:0:0:3 sdj 8:144 active ready running
mpdata2 (36589cfc00000025b4072a1536ade2f9d) dm-4 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
| `- 7:0:0:1 sde 8:64  failed faulty running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
  `- 8:0:0:1 sdh 8:112 active ready running

--the ASM disks still exist
root@has03:/ $> ll /dev/oracleasm/mp*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Apr 30 11:53 /dev/oracleasm/mpdata1 -> ../dm-2
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Apr 30 11:53 /dev/oracleasm/mpdata2 -> ../dm-4
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Apr 30 11:53 /dev/oracleasm/mpfra1 -> ../dm-3

--the Oracle Restart is still up and running
root@has03:/ $> crsctl status res -t
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name           Target  State        Server                   State details
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Local Resources
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ora.DATA.dg
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.FRA.dg
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.LISTENER.lsnr
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.asm
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    Started,STABLE
ora.ons
               OFFLINE OFFLINE      has03                    STABLE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cluster Resources
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ora.cssd
      1        ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.diskmon
      1        OFFLINE OFFLINE                               STABLE
ora.evmd
      1        ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.money.db
      1        ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    Open,HOME=/u01/app/o
                                                             racle/product/19c/db
                                                             home_1,STABLE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- So, our multipath seems to work fine. Let’s try to shut down the other interface. --startup the device enp0s8  
root@has03:/ $> nmcli con up enp0s8
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/6)

--check the multipath disks
--no more faulty paths
root@has03:/ $> multipath -ll
mpdata1 (36589cfc000000580ddee277e9cda411e) dm-2 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:2 sdf 8:80  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:2 sdi 8:128 active ready running
mpfra1 (36589cfc000000f5feabc996aa1a12876) dm-3 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:3 sdg 8:96  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:3 sdj 8:144 active ready running
mpdata2 (36589cfc00000025b4072a1536ade2f9d) dm-4 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:1 sde 8:64  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:1 sdh 8:112 active ready running

--shutdown the device enp0s9
root@has03:/ $> nmcli con down enp0s9
Connection 'enp0s9' successfully deactivated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/5)

--check the multipath disks
--now, the other path is faulty, as expected
root@has03:/ $> multipath -ll
mpdata1 (36589cfc000000580ddee277e9cda411e) dm-2 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:2 sdf 8:80  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:2 sdi 8:128 failed faulty running
mpfra1 (36589cfc000000f5feabc996aa1a12876) dm-3 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:3 sdg 8:96  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:3 sdj 8:144 failed faulty running
mpdata2 (36589cfc00000025b4072a1536ade2f9d) dm-4 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:1 sde 8:64  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:1 sdh 8:112 failed faulty running

--our has still working like a charm
root@has03:/ $> crsctl status res -t
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name           Target  State        Server                   State details
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Local Resources
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ora.DATA.dg
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.FRA.dg
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.LISTENER.lsnr
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.asm
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    Started,STABLE
ora.ons
               OFFLINE OFFLINE      has03                    STABLE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cluster Resources
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ora.cssd
      1        ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.diskmon
      1        OFFLINE OFFLINE                               STABLE
ora.evmd
      1        ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.money.db
      1        ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    Open,HOME=/u01/app/o
                                                             racle/product/19c/db
                                                             home_1,STABLE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Now, let’s go crazy, and shutdown both interfaces. root@has03:/ $> nmcli con down enp0s8
Connection 'enp0s8' successfully deactivated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/6)

root@has03:/ $> nmcli d
DEVICE  TYPE      STATE         CONNECTION
enp0s3  ethernet  connected     enp0s3
enp0s8  ethernet  disconnected  --
enp0s9  ethernet  disconnected  --
lo      loopback  unmanaged     --

--no miracle here, both paths are faulty
root@has03:/ $> multipath -ll
mpdata1 (36589cfc000000580ddee277e9cda411e) dm-2 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
| `- 7:0:0:2 sdf 8:80  failed faulty running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:2 sdi 8:128 failed faulty running
mpfra1 (36589cfc000000f5feabc996aa1a12876) dm-3 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
| `- 7:0:0:3 sdg 8:96  failed faulty running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:3 sdj 8:144 failed faulty running
mpdata2 (36589cfc00000025b4072a1536ade2f9d) dm-4 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
| `- 7:0:0:1 sde 8:64  failed faulty running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=0 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:1 sdh 8:112 failed faulty running
root@has03:/ $>

--the disks are still present
root@has03:/ $> ll /dev/oracleasm/mp*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Apr 30 12:00 /dev/oracleasm/mpdata1 -> ../dm-2
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Apr 30 12:00 /dev/oracleasm/mpdata2 -> ../dm-4
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Apr 30 12:00 /dev/oracleasm/mpfra1 -> ../dm-3

--but the diskgroups and the database "died", as expected
root@has03:/ $> crsctl status res -t
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name           Target  State        Server                   State details
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Local Resources
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ora.DATA.dg
               ONLINE  OFFLINE      has03                    STABLE
ora.FRA.dg
               ONLINE  OFFLINE      has03                    STABLE
ora.LISTENER.lsnr
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.asm
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    Started,STABLE
ora.ons
               OFFLINE OFFLINE      has03                    STABLE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cluster Resources
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ora.cssd
      1        ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.diskmon
      1        OFFLINE OFFLINE                               STABLE
ora.evmd
      1        ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.money.db
      1        ONLINE  OFFLINE                               Instance Shutdown,ST
                                                             ABLE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Now, let’s clean up the mess. --let's bring the interfaces back online
root@has03:/ $> nmcli con up enp0s8
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/7)

root@has03:/ $> nmcli con up enp0s9
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/8)

--the disks are happy again
root@has03:/ $> multipath -ll
mpdata1 (36589cfc000000580ddee277e9cda411e) dm-2 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:2 sdf 8:80  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:2 sdi 8:128 active ready running
mpfra1 (36589cfc000000f5feabc996aa1a12876) dm-3 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:3 sdg 8:96  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:3 sdj 8:144 active ready running
mpdata2 (36589cfc00000025b4072a1536ade2f9d) dm-4 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:1 sde 8:64  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:1 sdh 8:112 active ready running
  
--since the Oracle Restart is not going to mount the disks automatically, let's give him a hand
grid@has03:[GRID]:/home/grid $> crsctl stop has -f
CRS-2791: Starting shutdown of Oracle High Availability Services-managed resources on 'has03'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.LISTENER.lsnr' on 'has03'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.evmd' on 'has03'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.asm' on 'has03'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.LISTENER.lsnr' on 'has03' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.evmd' on 'has03' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.asm' on 'has03' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.cssd' on 'has03'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.cssd' on 'has03' succeeded
CRS-2793: Shutdown of Oracle High Availability Services-managed resources on 'has03' has completed
CRS-4133: Oracle High Availability Services has been stopped.

grid@has03:[GRID]:/home/grid $> crsctl start has
CRS-4123: Oracle High Availability Services has been started.

--It's AAAALLLLLIVEEEEE!!!
grid@has03:[GRID]:/home/grid $> crsctl status res -t
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name           Target  State        Server                   State details
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Local Resources
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ora.DATA.dg
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.FRA.dg
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.LISTENER.lsnr
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.asm
               ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    Started,STABLE
ora.ons
               OFFLINE OFFLINE      has03                    STABLE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cluster Resources
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ora.cssd
      1        ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.diskmon
      1        OFFLINE OFFLINE                               STABLE
ora.evmd
      1        ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    STABLE
ora.money.db
      1        ONLINE  ONLINE       has03                    Open,HOME=/u01/app/o
                                                             racle/product/19c/db
                                                             home_1,STABLE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C’est fini mes amis. In this article, I hope I have shown you how to create a homemade environment to implement and test multipath disks. À la prochaine.

Playing With Oracle ASM and Multipath Disks — Benchmarking Your Performance

Previously, I explained where only the DB binaries were corrupted. Now, let's try to fix a node with only the GRID binaries corrupted. how to fix a node My configuration
Oracle RAC with 2 nodes: ol8-19-rac1 and ol8-19-rac2
CDB: cdbrac1
PBD: pdb1

Grid Version
34318175;TOMCAT RELEASE UPDATE 19.0.0.0.0 (34318175)
34160635;OCW RELEASE UPDATE 19.16.0.0.0 (34160635)
34139601;ACFS RELEASE UPDATE 19.16.0.0.0 (34139601)
34133642;Database Release Update : 19.16.0.0.220719 (34133642)
33575402;DBWLM RELEASE UPDATE 19.0.0.0.0 (33575402)

DB Version
34086870;OJVM RELEASE UPDATE: 19.16.0.0.220719 (34086870)
34160635;OCW RELEASE UPDATE 19.16.0.0.0 (34160635)
34133642;Database Release Update : 19.16.0.0.220719 (34133642)

When you see <dbenv>, load the DB HOME variables.
When you see <gridenv>, load the GRID HOME variables.

When you see <bnode>, execute the command on the broken node.
When you see <anode>, execute the command on any other working node. I am using an installation where both DB and GRID are installed under the user ORACLE, and I set the variables to access each environment. But the same procedure works even if the installation is done using two different users (usually oracle e grid). Always validate any procedure before you try it in a production environment. Scenario B - GRID Binaries Corrupted On ol8-19-rac2 After Patch Apply In this scenario, only the GRID binaries were affected, so let's try to preserve the DB binaries. The stack is already down since the binaries are corrupted. 01. Backup the OCR configuration
================================
As root, at any other node, create a OCR's backup. Better safe than sorry.


<anode gridenv root>
[root@ol8-19-rac2 scripts]# ocrconfig -manualbackup
ol8-19-rac2     2022/11/17 13:40:44     +CRS:/ol8-19-cluster/OCRBACKUP/backup_20221117_134044.ocr.258.1121002845     896235792


02. Check whether both nodes are unpinned (they must be Unpinned to proceed)
============================================================================
<anode gridenv>
[oracle@ol8-19-rac1 ~]$ olsnodes -s -t
ol8-19-rac1     Active  Unpinned
ol8-19-rac2     Active  Unpinned

If the node is pinned, then run the crsctl unpin css.


03. Backup the $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
=========================================
<bnode gridenv>
[oracle@ol8-19-rac2 ~]$ mkdir -p /tmp/oracle; tar cvf /tmp/oracle/grid_netadm.tar -C $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin .


04. Deinstall the GRID binaries
===============================
<bnode gridenv>
[oracle@ol8-19-rac2 ~]$ $ORACLE_HOME/deinstall/deinstall -local
Confirm whether everything is OK, then say yes.

After, execute  the root step on another prompt.
[root@ol8-19-rac2 ~]# /u01/app/19.0.0/grid/crs/install/rootcrs.sh -force  -deconfig -paramfile "/tmp/deinstall2022-11-17_01-49-44PM/response/deinstall_OraGI19Home1.rsp"
...
2022/11/17 13:58:09 CLSRSC-336: Successfully deconfigured Oracle Clusterware stack on this node

Now, press enter to continue and finish the deinstall.


05. Remove the broken node from the cluster
===========================================
<anode gridenv root>
[root@ol8-19-rac1 ~]# crsctl delete node -n ol8-19-rac2
CRS-4661: Node ol8-19-rac2 successfully deleted.


06. Remove the broken node's VIP
================================
<anode gridenv root>
[root@ol8-19-rac1 ~]# srvctl stop vip -vip ol8-19-rac2
[root@ol8-19-rac1 ~]# srvctl remove vip -vip ol8-19-rac2
Please confirm that you intend to remove the VIPs ol8-19-rac2 (y/[n]) y


07. Check if the cluster is OK after the node removal
=====================================================
<anode gridenv>
[oracle@ol8-19-rac1 ~]$ cluvfy stage -post nodedel -n ol8-19-rac2 -verbose

Performing following verification checks ...

  Node Removal ...
    CRS Integrity ...PASSED
    Clusterware Version Consistency ...PASSED
  Node Removal ...PASSED

Post-check for node removal was successful.

CVU operation performed:      stage -post nodedel
Date:                         Nov 17, 2022 2:04:22 PM
Clusterware version:          19.0.0.0.0
CVU home:                     /u01/app/19.0.0/grid
Grid home:                    /u01/app/19.0.0/grid
User:                         oracle
Operating system:             Linux5.4.17-2136.312.3.4.el8uek.x86_64


08. Pre node addition validation
================================
If we were adding an actual new node, we were supposed to run some cluster verification checks to confirm that everything is OK, but since the node was already part of the cluster, I usually skip this validation, but you can execute it, if you want.

[oracle@ol8-19-rac1 ~]$ cluvfy stage -pre nodeadd -n ol8-19-rac2 -verbose -fixup


09. Add the node back
=====================
From any other node, add the ex-broken node back. This step takes a while, as it copies the files from one node to another.

<anode gridenv>
[oracle@ol8-19-rac1 ~]$ $ORACLE_HOME/addnode/addnode.sh -silent "CLUSTER_NEW_NODES={ol8-19-rac2}" "CLUSTER_NEW_VIRTUAL_HOSTNAMES={ol8-19-rac2-vip}" "CLUSTER_NEW_NODE_ROLES={hub}"

On the ex-broken node, execute the root script
<bnode root>
[root@ol8-19-rac2 tmp]# /u01/app/19.0.0/grid/root.sh


10. Check if the cluster is OK
==============================
From any other node, run the cluster verification.

<anode grid>
[oracle@ol8-19-rac1 ~]$ cluvfy stage -post nodeadd -n ol8-19-rac2 -verbose
...
Post-check for node addition was successful.


CVU operation performed:      stage -post nodeadd
Date:                         Nov 17, 2022 2:32:12 PM
Clusterware version:          19.0.0.0.0
CVU home:                     /u01/app/19.0.0/grid
Grid home:                    /u01/app/19.0.0/grid
User:                         oracle
Operating system:             Linux5.4.17-2136.312.3.4.el8uek.x86_64 Voilà, your cluster, and your database are supposed to be back online. [oracle@ol8-19-rac2 ~]$ crsctl check cluster -all
**************************************************************
ol8-19-rac1:
CRS-4537: Cluster Ready Services is online
CRS-4529: Cluster Synchronization Services is online
CRS-4533: Event Manager is online
**************************************************************
ol8-19-rac2:
CRS-4537: Cluster Ready Services is online
CRS-4529: Cluster Synchronization Services is online
CRS-4533: Event Manager is online
**************************************************************

[oracle@ol8-19-rac2 ~]$ srvctl status database -db cdbrac
Instance cdbrac1 is running on node ol8-19-rac1
Instance cdbrac2 is running on node ol8-19-rac2 In my next article, I'll show you how to recover from a scenario where we lost both GRID and DB binaries.

Fixing Oracle RAC Node Problems With Addnode: GRID Binaries

In this blog, I will show you how to quickly create an entirely free app using a JavaScript program that runs within the free Oracle database and calls AI, the results of which are stored in the database and can then be accessed using , , Rest, or any other language. All of the source code is, of course, available . Hugging Face SQL JSON here A typical sequence of actions in applications, both in general and particularly in AI applications, involves an application utilizing an AI service. The acquired information is then stored in a database, ready for retrieval, subsequent processing (such as using OML), analysis, and future queries. When the command originates directly from the database, the data is promptly stored and gains higher reliability. This approach is in-process and eliminates the need for an additional network call for persistence. Additionally, by housing the logic and even code within the database, the remarkable features of the robust Oracle database, including high availability, management, and observability, are naturally harnessed. This distinct capability is a hallmark of the Oracle database, which encompasses both Java and, as detailed in this blog, JavaScript runtime engines within the database itself. Hugging Face specializes in crafting tools for constructing applications using machine learning. Particularly notable is its transformers library designed for natural language processing applications, along with its platform facilitating the sharing of machine learning models and datasets. It has garnered significant popularity in recent years. In short, we’ll… Create a cohere.com or huggingface.co account, create and copy an access token, and select a model. Create the Oracle database. Create the database user and table(s). Run a short JavaScript program in the database to make a call to the Cohere or Hugging Face AI model and store the results in the table. Query these results using SQL, JSON, Rest, etc. Setup Cohere account and AI model Go to https://cohere.com and , go to your , and click the button. Sign Up Profile Settings Click on , then API Keys, create a key (or use trial) and copy its value for use later. Dashboard Click on and select the hamburger menu/icon on the left of any page to view the API Reference list and select one. In this case, we will select section and API Reference generate Co.Generate. Select and then select the option in order to see a sample code snippet to call the model. Ianguage JavaScript Setup Hugging Face account and AI model Go to https://huggingface.co and , go to your , and click the button. Sign Up Profile Settings Click on , create a token, and copy its value for use later. Access Tokens Click on and select a model. In this case, we will select a model under the section for Models Natural Language Processing Question Answering. Select a model (perhaps one of the more popular ones), notice the information in the on the left, and then select the drop-down menu on the right. Model Card Deploy Select and then select the option in order to see a sample code snippet to call the model. Inference API JavaScript Setup Oracle Database We can use any flavor of the Oracle database 23c. On the cloud, we can use Oracle always free autonomous database later this year when 23c should be available. We can use the Oracle 23c Free version as it’s available now and we can simply install or use a container image locally. Or of course, we could use the local for dev and cloud for production, etc. and either of these options is very quick to set up… Oracle Database Free… You can go here to set up the Free Oracle Database. Using the container image is very simple. You can simply pull the image: docker pull container-registry.oracle.com/database/free:latest Then, execute the one line below, replacing with a password of your choice (you can also add a parameter with a directory location in order to persist changes across restarts). Notice the param that allows calls out of the container. This is the setting for Macs and will be different if running on a different OS. -e ORACLE_PASSWORD=Welcome12345 -v oracle-volume:/somedirectory --add-host docker.for.mac.host.internal:host-gateway docker run -d -p 1521:1521 — add-host docker.for.mac.host.internal:host-gateway -e ORACLE_PASSWORD=Welcome12345 gvenzl/oracle-free Setup SQLcl (or Database Actions) and connect You can install SQLcl to manage the database by: Downloading and install from this location https://www.oracle.com/database/sqldeveloper/technologies/sqlcl/download/ This will provide an executable that we will use to administer the database. For convenience, you may add to your PATH. [SQLcl_INSTALL_DIR]/bin/sql [SQLcl_INSTALL_DIR]/bin Login replacing with the location of your SQLcl and replacing with the one you provided as when creating the database Here is an example when using a local install (eg Oracle Database Free container image): [SQLcl_INSTALL_DIR] Welcome12345 ORACLE_PASSWORD [SQLcl_INSTALL_DIR]/bin/sql /nolog SQL> connect sys@//localhost:1521/freepdb1 as sysdba Password? (**********?) ************* Connected. Create the users, with appropriate privileges, that will call Cohere and/or Hugging Face via JavaScript. Run the following SQL files to create the user and its necessary grants and ACLs (note that these can be further tightened for better security). aijs @sql/create_aijs_acl.sql SQL> @sql/create_aijs_user.sql``SQL> Now connect the user and create a table to store the results of the call to Hugging Face SQL> connect aijs/Welcome12345; SQL> create table huggingfacejson (id json); SQL> create table coherejson (id json); Now everything is ready to run! Run either the Cohere or HuggingFace queries from the JavaScript code in the database Cohere Example SQL> @sql/coherequery.sql PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. Then, check the JSON results stored in the table by doing a SQL query. SQL> select * from coherejson; [{"id":"1b42f8f9-ea6d-4a65-8f02-bdcf89d9bd79","generations":[{"id":"d6467c0b-4a78-4dd4-b822-c1e2bfa4ecb0","text":"\n LLMs or Large Language Models are artificial intelligence tools that can read, summarize and translate texts and"}],"prompt":"Please explain to me how LLMs work","meta":{"api_version":{"version":"1"}}} Looking at the code we just executed we can see the JavaScript module created and the function being called: create or replace mle module cohere_module language javascript as import "mle-js-fetch"; import "mle-js-oracledb"; export async function cohereDemo(apiToken) { if (apiToken === undefined) { throw Error("must provide an API token"); } const modelId = "generate"; const restAPI = `https://api.cohere.ai/v1/${modelId}`; const headers = { accept: 'application/json', 'content-type': 'application/json', "Authorization": `Bearer ${apiToken}` }; const payload = { max_tokens: 20, return_likelihoods: 'NONE', truncate: 'END', prompt: 'Please explain to me how LLMs work' }; const resp = await fetch( restAPI, { method: "POST", headers: headers, body: JSON.stringify(payload), credentials: "include" } ); const resp_json = await resp.json(); session.execute( `INSERT INTO COHEREJSON (id) VALUES (:resp_json)`, [ JSON.stringify(resp_json) ] ); } / create or replace procedure coherequery( p_API_token varchar2 ) as mle module cohere_module signature 'cohereDemo(string)'; / -- this is how you can test the API call begin utl_http.set_wallet('system:'); coherequery('[yourcoheretokenhere]'); end; / Hugging Face Example SQL> @sql/huggingfacequery.sql PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. Then, check the JSON results stored in the table by doing a SQL query. SQL> select * from huggingfacejson; [{"score":0.16964051127433777,"token":2053,"token_str":"no","sequence":"the answer to the universe is no."},{"score":0.07344779372215271,"token":2498,"token_str":"nothing","sequence":"the answer to the universe is nothing."},{"score":0.05803246051073074,"token":2748,"token_str":"yes","sequence":"the answer to the universe is yes."},{"score":0.043957971036434174,"token":4242,"token_str":"unknown","sequence":"the answer to the universe is unknown."},{"score":0.04015727713704109,"token":3722,"token_str":"simple","sequence":"the answer to the universe is simple."}] Looking at the code we just executed we can see the JavaScript module created and the function being called: create or replace mle module huggingface_module language javascript as import "mle-js-fetch"; import "mle-js-oracledb"; export async function huggingfaceDemo(apiToken) { if (apiToken === undefined) { throw Error("must provide an API token"); } const payload = { inputs: "The answer to the universe is [MASK]." }; const modelId = "bert-base-uncased"; const headers = { "Authorization": `Bearer ${apiToken}` }; const restAPI = `https://api-inference.huggingface.co/models/${modelId}`; const resp = await fetch( restAPI, { method: "POST", headers: headers, body: JSON.stringify(payload), credentials: "include" } ); const resp_json = await resp.json(); session.execute( `INSERT INTO HUGGINGFACEJSON (id) VALUES (:resp_json)`, [ JSON.stringify(resp_json) ] ); } / create or replace procedure huggingfacequery( p_API_token varchar2 ) as mle module huggingface_module signature 'huggingfaceDemo(string)'; / -- this is how you can test the API call begin utl_http.set_wallet('system:'); huggingfacequery('[hf_yourhuggingfacetokenhere]'); end; / Useful parameters and debug information for Hugging Face can be found . here The results can now be queried, analyzed, etc. using SQL or JSON (simultaneously thanks to the new JSON duality feature), REST, or even the MongoDB API.Oracle Database is the perfect database for AI for a number of reasons, particularly as it is a vector database with capabilities such as the following already available today: Native data types for vector representation and storage: RAW, BLOB, JSON In-Memory Column Store to store & search vector embeddings w/ SIMD kernels for amazing performance Extensible indexing framework to create data-model specific indices (e.g., Text, Spatial) Native Oracle Machine Learning APIs — Modeling, Classification, Scoring, Clustering, etc. Plus, many other capabilities which, used together, make Oracle a better Vector Database DMLs, Parallel Loading, Partitioning, Advanced Compression, Parallel Query, RAC, Sharding, etc. It is also possible to call Oracle OCI AI and other services from within the Oracle database. Conclusion The blog went into how to call Hugging Face APIs from within the Oracle database using JavaScript thus demonstrating a powerful combination of features perfectly suited to a broad array of AI solutions and friendly to JavaScript developers. Some other blogs related to JavaScript in the database, in general, the MultiLingual Engine (MLE) that makes it possible, etc. can be found and . Thanks to Martin and Lucas for all their help. in Martin Bach’s blogs this post about JavaScript modules I look forward to any comments or questions you may have and really appreciate your time reading. Also published . here

Calling Hugging Face AI From an Oracle Database Using JavaScript

Hi, and welcome back to the second part. If you missed the first part, where we configured the TrueNAS, please look . Now we will configure the iSCSI, the multipath, and the ASM disks. here Oracle Environment For the sake of simplicity, I will use a VM previously configured with Oracle Restart and one database already used in other tests. I only added two new network interfaces to the VM to use the multipath. I’ve added the TrueNAS VM IPs to the /etc/hosts. Configuring the new network interfaces You must configure the new internal networks with IPs in the same network as the TrueNAS portal (10.1.1.1/10.1.2.1). Configuring the iSCSI --discover the iscsi target
root #> iscsiadm -m discovery -t sendtargets -p truenas1
10.1.2.1:3260,1 iqn.2005-10.org.freenas.ctl:has03
10.1.1.1:3260,1 iqn.2005-10.org.freenas.ctl:has03

--enable automatic login during startup
root #> iscsiadm -m node --op update -n node.startup -v automatic

--login to both network interfaces
root #> iscsiadm -m node -p truenas1 --login
root #> iscsiadm -m node -p truenas2 --login Configuring the multipath --enable and start the service
root@has03:/ $> systemctl enable multipathd
root@has03:/ $> systemctl start multipathd

--create the multipath.conf
cat <<EOF>/etc/multipath.conf
defaults {
    find_multipaths yes
    user_friendly_names yes
    failback immediate
}

blacklist {
     devnode "^(ram|raw|loop|fd|md|dm-|sr|scd|st)[0-9]*"
     devnode "^hd[a-z][[0-9]*]"
     devnode "^sda[[0-9]*]"
     devnode "^cciss!c[0-9]d[0-9]*"
}
EOF

root@has03:/ $> ll /etc/multipath.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 849 Apr 30 10:24 /etc/multipath.conf

--reload the service
root@has03:/ $> systemctl reload multipathd

--check if the disks exist
root@has03:/ $> ll /dev/mapper
total 0
crw-------. 1 root root 10, 236 Apr 30 09:34 control
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 Apr 30 10:24 mpathd -> ../dm-4
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 Apr 30 10:24 mpathe -> ../dm-2
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 Apr 30 10:24 mpathf -> ../dm-3
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 Apr 30 09:34 ol-root -> ../dm-0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root       7 Apr 30 09:34 ol-swap -> ../dm-1 Using the multipath command, you can check if the disks use both networks. root@has03:/ $> multipath -ll

mpathe (36589cfc000000580ddee277e9cda411e) dm-2 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active   <--- network 1
| `- 7:0:0:2 sdf 8:80  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled  <--- network 2
  `- 8:0:0:2 sdi 8:128 active ready running

mpathd (36589cfc00000025b4072a1536ade2f9d) dm-4 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:1 sde 8:64  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:1 sdh 8:112 active ready running

mpathf (36589cfc000000f5feabc996aa1a12876) dm-3 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:3 sdg 8:96  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:3 sdj 8:144 active ready running Let’s simplify our lives by adding aliases to the disks. I’ve updated the multipath.conf file and did reload the service. root@has03:/ $> cat /etc/multipath.conf
defaults {
    find_multipaths yes
    user_friendly_names yes
    failback immediate
}

blacklist {
     devnode "^(ram|raw|loop|fd|md|dm-|sr|scd|st)[0-9]*"
     devnode "^hd[a-z][[0-9]*]"
     devnode "^sda[[0-9]*]"
     devnode "^cciss!c[0-9]d[0-9]*"
}

multipaths {
    multipath {
        wwid    36589cfc000000580ddee277e9cda411e
        alias   mpdata1
    }
    multipath {
        wwid    36589cfc00000025b4072a1536ade2f9d
        alias   mpdata2
    }
    multipath {
        wwid    36589cfc000000f5feabc996aa1a12876
        alias   mpfra1
    }
}

root@has03:/ $> systemctl reload multipathd Now we have better names (aliases). root@has03:/ $> multipath -ll

mpfra1 (36589cfc000000f5feabc996aa1a12876) dm-3 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:3 sdg 8:96  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:3 sdj 8:144 active ready running

mpdata2 (36589cfc00000025b4072a1536ade2f9d) dm-4 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:1 sde 8:64  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:1 sdh 8:112 active ready running

mpdata1 (36589cfc000000580ddee277e9cda411e) dm-2 TrueNAS,iSCSI Disk
size=5.0G features='0' hwhandler='1 alua' wp=rw
|-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=active
| `- 7:0:0:2 sdf 8:80  active ready running
`-+- policy='service-time 0' prio=50 status=enabled
  `- 8:0:0:2 sdi 8:128 active ready running Nice, it worked. Now it’s time to use those disks in our ASM. The VM has03 already has an Oracle Restart installation, so I already have 3 ASM local disks. Let’s add our multipath disks to the UDEV. --find the disks' UUID
root@has03:/ $> udevadm info --query=all --name=/dev/mapper/mpdata1 | grep UUID
E: DM_UUID=mpath-36589cfc000000580ddee277e9cda411e

root@has03:/ $> udevadm info --query=all --name=/dev/mapper/mpdata2 | grep UUID
E: DM_UUID=mpath-36589cfc00000025b4072a1536ade2f9d

root@has03:/ $> udevadm info --query=all --name=/dev/mapper/mpfra1 | grep UUID
E: DM_UUID=mpath-36589cfc000000f5feabc996aa1a12876

--edit the udev conf file to add the new disks and rules, using the previously UUIDs
root@has03:/ $> cat /etc/udev/rules.d/96-asm.rules
#multipath disks
KERNEL=="dm-*", SUBSYSTEM=="block", ENV{DM_UUID}=="mpath-36589cfc000000580ddee277e9cda411e", SYMLINK+="oracleasm/mpdata1", OWNER="grid", GROUP="asmadmin", MODE="0660", OPTIONS:="nowatch"
KERNEL=="dm-*", SUBSYSTEM=="block", ENV{DM_UUID}=="mpath-36589cfc00000025b4072a1536ade2f9d", SYMLINK+="oracleasm/mpdata2", OWNER="grid", GROUP="asmadmin", MODE="0660", OPTIONS:="nowatch"
KERNEL=="dm-*", SUBSYSTEM=="block", ENV{DM_UUID}=="mpath-36589cfc000000f5feabc996aa1a12876", SYMLINK+="oracleasm/mpfra1", OWNER="grid", GROUP="asmadmin", MODE="0660", OPTIONS:="nowatch"
#local disks
KERNEL=="sd*", SUBSYSTEM=="block", ENV{ID_SERIAL}=="VBOX_HARDDISK_VB647c8062-550861fd", SYMLINK+="oracleasm/data1", OWNER="grid", GROUP="asmadmin", MODE="0660", OPTIONS:="nowatch"
KERNEL=="sd*", SUBSYSTEM=="block", ENV{ID_SERIAL}=="VBOX_HARDDISK_VB84084872-e9ff80ef", SYMLINK+="oracleasm/data2", OWNER="grid", GROUP="asmadmin", MODE="0660", OPTIONS:="nowatch"
KERNEL=="sd*", SUBSYSTEM=="block", ENV{ID_SERIAL}=="VBOX_HARDDISK_VB9de588bd-fea7d130", SYMLINK+="oracleasm/fra1", OWNER="grid", GROUP="asmadmin", MODE="0660", OPTIONS:="nowatch"

--reload UDEV
root@has03:/ $>udevadm control --reload-rules && udevadm trigger

--check if the disks exist
root@has03:/ $> ll /dev/oracleasm
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 Apr 30 10:58 data1 -> ../sdb
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 Apr 30 10:58 data2 -> ../sdc
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 Apr 30 10:58 fra1 -> ../sdd
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Apr 30 10:58 mpdata1 -> ../dm-2
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Apr 30 10:58 mpdata2 -> ../dm-4
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Apr 30 10:58 mpfra1 -> ../dm-3 Configuring the Oracle ASM Now let’s swap our local disks with the multipath disks on the ASM diskgroups. --check the candidates disks
grid@has03:[GRID]:/home/grid $> asmcmd lsdsk --candidate
Path
/dev/oracleasm/mpdata1
/dev/oracleasm/mpdata2
/dev/oracleasm/mpfra1

--check the current disks' names
--I removed some columns from the result below
grid@has03:[GRID]:/home/grid $> asmcmd lsdsk -k
Total_MB  Free_MB  OS_MB  Name       Failgroup  Path
    5120     3468   5120  DATA_0000  DATA_0000  /dev/oracleasm/data1
    5120     3464   5120  DATA_0001  DATA_0001  /dev/oracleasm/data2
    5120     3323   5120  FRA_0000   FRA_0000   /dev/oracleasm/fra1

--swap the disks
grid@has03:[GRID]:/home/grid $> sqlplus / as sysasm

SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Sat Apr 30 11:05:50 2022
Version 19.14.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2021, Oracle.  All rights reserved.


Connected to:
Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 19.14.0.0.0

SQL> alter diskgroup fra add disk '/dev/oracleasm/mpfra1' drop disk fra_0000 rebalance power 1024;

Diskgroup altered.

SQL> alter diskgroup data add disk '/dev/oracleasm/mpdata1', '/dev/oracleasm/mpdata2' drop disk data_0000, data_0001 rebalance power 1024;

Diskgroup altered.

SQL> Now we wait until the rebalance ends and validate the new disks. Voilà, everything working like a charm! That’s the end of the second part. In the next and last part, we will run some tests on our new multipath disks. If you missed the first part, where we configured the TrueNAS, please look . here À la prochaine.

Playing With Oracle ASM and Multipath Disks - Configuring the ISCSI and the ASM Disks

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